Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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8 During the foundation of the SGAC, our Declaration of the Space Generation was written to express our visions on outer space as we are its future stakeholders. Allow me to quote: We, the Space Generation, representing the worldwide vision of youth, commit ourselves to ensure the future of humankind. … In leaving the Earth’s cradle in the quest for understanding our place in the Universe, we are entrusted by the next generations with the sustainable development of the planet for our peaceful future. We, the Space Generation, regardless of culture, language and creed must ensure that space exploration will improve the quality of life for the benefi t of all humankind. We express the hope and the conviction that our common future ought to proceed ethically, with an understanding of the long-term consequences of our actions and with all humanity walking forward together as one. 1 Further, in 2003 SGAC set the following aim in its strategy document: “Advancing human development through the peaceful uses of outer space”. Since 2007 we have been actively collecting contributions toward the formulation of a multi-disciplinary vision of youth for the next 50 years of space activities. Our members, coming from all kinds of backgrounds and regions, agreed on the following three themes: ensuring the survival of humanity, outer space for the benefi t of all humanity and of our environment, and advancing the frontiers of science and technology. The bottom line is that SGAC visions and recommendations have consistently pushed for developing outer space in a way that safeguards it for all of humanity. Safeguarding outer space means to ensure the longterm viability for all humanity to use outer space for peaceful purposes. The consequences are that outer space should be kept free from any activities that are against the spirit of the peaceful purposes enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty, inhibit the use of outer space by other actors, or in any other way destroy the fi nite resources or usability of the space environment. In contemplating space security for the future, SGAC has identifi ed four key issues that need to be addressed in the short term in order to provide long-term security.
The fi rst issue is space debris. SGAC is very concerned about the rising amount of space debris as it is an increasing hazard to spacecraft and astronauts. The greatest threat is fragmentation events due to exploding rocket stages or collisions among debris as they potentially create exponentially more debris. In the long run this will inhibit the sustainable access to outer space and its use as a resource for all parties to explore and utilize in a peaceful way for many generations to come. Essential for a long-term solution is an effective mitigation strategy. Within COPUOS, Debris Mitigation Guidelines were suggested and adopted by the member states. However, these guidelines are voluntary and not legally binding. Closely linked with the mitigation of space debris is surveillance capability. Greater resolution is needed for tracking objects that have the potential to disable a spacecraft, specifi cally all objects larger than 1cm, while currently only objects larger than 10cm can be tracked in low Earth orbit. Greater resolution would be necessary to complement the mitigation guidelines to provide a long-term solution to space debris. Further, international cooperation to share relevant data would be benefi cial to all actors involved. Secondly, space traffi c management is a logical step from space debris mitigation, as it would also allow a comprehensive collision-avoidance infrastructure. While currently not much can be done about debris–debris collisions, active spacecraft are able to make collision-avoidance manoeuvres if an impending impact is predicted in time. With ever increasing numbers of space actors as well as objects in Earth orbit, space traffi c management is a logical consequence, not only to avoid collisions but also to guarantee for all humankind an unimpeded and more effi cient use of space resources— the question is not if, but when, it will be implemented. It must be clear to all space actors that having a space traffi c management system in place would reduce the loss of working satellites, sustain the use of space resources, and provide an asset for maintaining the security of outer space for the coming years. Thirdly, while not immediately related to space security in the short term, further clarifi cations in the space law regime are needed to solve issues that will arise in the long term as there is a general lack of basic law on space conduct. In the future we might see confl ict over land and resources not on Earth, not necessarily solely among states but possibly involving commercial and private companies as well. Our generation strongly supports initiatives that aim at an accelerated development of space technologies within the 9
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21 and 22: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33 and 34: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92:
IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94:
actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96:
TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
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space for any purposes that the Uni
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provide adequate reassurance that n
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SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211:
ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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