Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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THE DRAFT TREATY ON THE PREVENTION OF THE PLACEMENT OF WEAPONS IN OUTER SPACE, THE THREAT OR USE OF FORCE AGAINST OUTER SPACE OBJECTS Victor Vasiliev INTRODUCTION Speaking in Munich on 11 February 2007, Russian President Vladimir Putin warned against the emergence of new high-technology destabilizing types of weapons and new areas of confrontation, particularly in outer space. He emphasized that weaponization of outer space could trigger unpredictable consequences for the international community—no less serious than the onset of the nuclear era. He also noted that a draft special treaty was being prepared aimed at preventing such a development. At its plenary meeting on 12 February 2008, Sergey Lavrov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, addressed the Conference on Disarmament (CD) and offi cially introduced the draft of the Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT), prepared jointly by Russia and China, for consideration by the CD. The PPWT is not a new idea. The draft is based on the working document CD/1679 on possible elements of the treaty tabled by the delegations of Russia and China together with a group of co-sponsors in June 2002. It is the result of the subsequent discussions in various formats, refl ected in a series of working papers and three versions of compilations of the views expressed at those discussions. All these documents are available at the CD website. So, the draft PPWT has not come as a surprise. THE RATIONALE BEHIND A PPWT Modern international space law does not prohibit deployment in outer space of weapons which are not weapons of mass destruction. However, 145
146 such weapons, if deployed in outer space, would have a global reach, high readiness and capability for engagement not only with other space objects to render them inoperative, but also with critical infrastructure on Earth. Such weapons would be fi t for real use, generate suspicions and tension among states and frustrate the climate of mutual trust and cooperation in space exploration, rather than serve as a means of containment. This, in fact, will equate their military utility to that of weapons of mass destruction. Besides, deployment of weapons in outer space by one state will inevitably result in a chain reaction. And this, in turn, is fraught with a new spiral in an arms race both in outer space and on the Earth. The objective of the draft PPWT is to prohibit the placement of weapons of any kind in outer space, and the use or threat of force against space objects. The treaty is to eliminate existing gaps in international space law, create conditions for further exploration and use of outer space, preserve costly outer space property and strengthen international security and arms control regimes. So, why do we need a PPWT? First, because without such a treaty it would be diffi cult to predict the development of the strategic situation in outer space and on Earth due to the global operating range of space weapons. It would be impossible to claim that space weapons were “not targeted” at a given nation. Moreover, space weapons will enable actors to discreetly tamper with outer space objects and disable them. Second, because the international situation would be seriously destabilized due to a possibility of unexpected, sudden use of space weapons. This alone could provoke pre-emptive acts against space weapons and, consequently, the spiral of an arms race. Third, because space weapons, unlike weapons of mass destruction, may be applied selectively and discriminately, they could become real-use weapons. Fourth, because the placement of weapons in outer space would arouse suspicions and tensions in international relations and destroy the current
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124: States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194: SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196: 178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198: 180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199 and 200: 182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 201 and 202: 184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204: SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206: ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208: CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210: The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211: ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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