Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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xxii of dependence on space by a growing number of actors increases the likelihood of space weaponization. An international space security proposal is most certainly the challenge of this generation and the next. Following the presentations by the panellists, the ensuing discussion focused broadly on four issues: space debris; awareness-raising; satellites for disaster prevention and response; and treaties compared to TCBMs. Discussion centred on the need for guidelines to mitigate space debris, potential actions to reduce debris and the need for transparency regarding the issue. Transparency especially seems to be an important component of addressing this challenge. It would not reduce debris, but would assist in our reaction to it. Few states have the ability to identify and track the debris that threatens space assets, and even the most advanced technology needs to be improved. Still, a primary concern is that such information has national security implications. Questions were raised concerning the level of awareness that is exhibited in relation to space issues. Currently, the general public, sometimes even scientists, tend to be relatively uninformed about the state of space security, and furthermore seem to have little interest. This was made clear in the lack of public response to the destruction of the Chinese and American satellites. Steps must be taken to better educate the public regarding the potential and dangers of a compromised space environment, perhaps by emphasizing the dependence of our daily lives on space technologies. The media should play an important role to this end. However, it is also necessary to remain on guard against the spreading of misinformation. Many satellite applications provide valuable information for identifying and responding to crises on Earth. However, the utility is limited by lack of means to translate this information into action. There needs to be a focus on developing mechanisms for communicating and applying this information on the ground. Moreover, these same applications could be of even greater use in disaster prevention. The monitoring of high-risk areas would enable advance warning of a potential crisis, and thus allow for preventive measures to be taken.
The question was raised as to whether a treaty would be more benefi cial than TCBMs in promoting space security, and into which path we should put our energy. On the one hand, TCBMs are much easier to agree and keep updated. They can also show parties the benefi ts that an eventual treaty could provide. On the other hand, a treaty is a legally binding instrument, states are accountable to their obligations and, in case of a dispute, the International Court of Justice can have jurisdiction to mediate. In addition, it is more diffi cult to withdraw from a treaty because in most cases a treaty becomes part of national law. The opinion was expressed that most states would prefer a legally binding instrument in order to feel more secure concerning others’ commitments and are willing to negotiate a treaty within the CD. However, as there is not yet consensus to negotiate a treaty on outer space security—such as the PPWT—TCBMs may be a more realistic option for near-term positive action. SESSION II BUILDING TRUST IN THE FUTURE In looking at one of the keys to confi dence building, Samuel Black of the Henry L. Stimson Center discussed how to prevent harmful interference activities in space, proposing an international agreement on space security with the aim of increasing stability in space activities. A no-harmfulinterference clause would be an indispensable provision in any agreement on outer space security. A code of conduct could be more advantageous with respect to existing problems than would a treaty in that it would be quicker to negotiate and implement. This is particularly true in regard to the United States, as a treaty might fail to be ratifi ed as happened with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Thus, a code of conduct would be more politically viable. In addition, focusing on behaviour and actions avoids the diffi culty of ascertaining intentions of spacefaring countries and avoids the diffi culties of defi ning what qualifi es as a space weapon. Garold Larson of the Permanent Mission of the United States to the Conference on Disarmament made it clear that the United States strongly supports the peaceful use of outer space and is fully committed to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Fundamentally important to the United States is the increasing problem of persistent space debris and possible collisions between debris and functioning satellites. The United States has been working in cooperation with other states to address this problem, for xxiii
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33 and 34: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
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space for any purposes that the Uni
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provide adequate reassurance that n
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SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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