Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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unable to agree where to lay the legal border between airspace and outer space. COPUOS COPUOS was established in 1959 by the UN General Assembly with the wide mandate of reviewing the scope of international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space. COPUOS and its subcommittees work on the basis of consensus and make recommendations to the General Assembly for endorsing resolutions. With reference to space safety issues, in 1980 COPUOS established a Working Group on the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space which took more than a decade to produce a set of guiding principles, which were endorsed by the General Assembly in December 1992. Although the Working Group is still in place, nothing more than the original principles has been produced to date. Another safety-related area in which COPUOS operates is that of space debris mitigation. After publishing its Technical Report on Space Debris in 1999, COPUOS mandated in 2001 the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) to develop guidelines regarding space debris mitigation techniques. Subsequently, the Scientifi c and Technical Subcommittee established the Working Group on Space Debris with the mission to develop a set of recommended principles based on the technical content of the IADC space debris mitigation guidelines. A revised draft of these guidelines was submitted by the Scientifi c and Technical Subcommittee of COPUOS during its forty-third session in 2006 and was endorsed in 2007 by the General Assembly. The guidelines are not legally binding under international law and it is also recognized that exceptions to the implementation of individual guidelines or elements may be justifi ed. The relative value of UN guidelines was spectacularly underlined by the destruction of one satellite in 2007 and one in 2008, events which created a massive and hazardous amount of new orbital debris. THE NEW SPACE AGE The emerging trend for the twenty-fi rst century is that of a global space industry involving, along with the traditional space powers, a multiplicity 107
108 of government and corporate stakeholders worldwide. A mixture of factors ushered in this new space age. The worldwide spread of (dualuse) space technologies and services, global economic trends, but also the dramatic socio-economic and political changes that followed the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the abandonment of the communist economic orthodoxy by China. Finally the Space Shuttle Columbia accident in 2003 precipitated an overhaul of US space policy, fi rst as a redirection of NASA toward exploration missions, and later in October 2006 with the enunciation of a new overall US civil, commercial and (in particular) military space policy. This policy made overnight the previous concept of “outer space” obsolete or at least pushed it somehow beyond the geostationary orbits, while a sort of “near space” has taken shape which a nation has the right to exploit for its own interest and no more as an ambassador of mankind for the benefi t of all. The new US space policy is not revolutionary but it is just a factual picture of what outer space has become. Commercial and military space-based systems are nowadays synergetic with systems on Earth and indeed essential to human activities. Military and civil/commercial space operations need therefore to be clearly separated and their coexistence (in time of peace) adequately managed. In other words outer space has become as sea and air—another realm where it is in the interest of the global community to operate in accordance with clear international rules instead of vague principles. Not only orbital usage and telecommunication frequencies allocations, but also space traffi c control, safety risk and a number of support services such as space weather forecasting and orbital debris monitoring need to be coordinated transparently and effectively at the national and international levels. The fallacy and limits of the current approach based on voluntarism and good intentions is becoming apparent, as clearly demonstrated by the vain attempts to limit the proliferation of space debris, a major threat to spacecraft and the primary source of risk for human spacefl ight. WIDENING ACCESS TO OUTER SPACE AND ITS ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE By the end of the 1990s the extent and importance of the commercial space revolution and the merging of several technologies was already very clear as outlined in the following excerpts from testimony in March 1999 from Keith Calhoun-Senghor, then Director of the Offi ce of Space Commercialisation, US Department of Commerce, before the House Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics:
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94: actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
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Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
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Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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