Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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AN INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION FOR OUTER SPACE? Tommaso Sgobba * The international space community has identifi ed the rapid international commercialization of outer space, in particular in the fi elds of telecommunication, navigation and launch services, as an important and positive step toward the continual global and national economic growth. Recent interest and actions from the private sector in the fi eld of commercial human spacefl ight illustrates the widening range of fi nancial commitments and business risks the private sector is willing to make in outer space. In addition, several government and business communities around the world are cooperating to help fund the building of commercial spaceports. Corporations, like Virgin Galactic and the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company, have made fi rm commitments in pursuing a new suborbital space tourist market and shown interest for a possible extension to point-to-point international hypersonic travel. At the same time the Russian and US governments are promoting early steps toward commercial orbital human spacefl ight. The Russians fl ew to the International Space Station the fi rst paying orbital space tourist customer back in 2001 and have continued regularly to do so since then. In the meanwhile, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched an important initiative to procure commercial transportation services to the space station. However, the Space Shuttle Columbia accident in 2003, a sequence of accidents on the ground, recently at a commercial spacefl ight company in July 2007, and various spectacular launch failures demonstrated that the business of outer space is still fraught with risks not only for the crew on board and ground personnel, but also for the public on the ground, at sea or travelling by air. Furthermore the space and ground environments are at risk. Currently there are thousands of objects tracked in orbit, which are * The opinions expressed here are those of the author and the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, and not necessarily those of the European Space Agency. 103
104 a potential direct threat to manned and unmanned orbiting space assets, and indirectly threaten the terrestrial safety of critical services. There are also important atmospheric effects from chemical rocket propulsion, and environmental impacts on the ground in case of launch failure. In September 2007 the explosion briefl y after launch from Baikonur of a Russian Proton M rocket, which was carrying 200 metric tons of toxic fuel, has been reported to have caused contamination of a vast swath of land. Though there is great promise about the further commercial potentials of outer space for the world economy, and the safety risks are very real and growing, there is no international cooperative effort to balance the multiple commercial interests in outer space with internationally agreed and nationally enforceable safety-risk mitigation standards. Because of this, the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS) Legal and Regulatory Committee established a working group called “An ICAO for Space?” , ICAO being the International Civil Aviation Organization, the existing UN organization for international civil aviation safety. The working group was composed of outstanding international experts in space safety and related fi elds. They were requested to answer two basic questions: a) if the international civil aviation cooperation represented by the ICAO is a valid model for a future civil/commercial international organization for outer space, and b) if there were a valid rationale for extending the scope of the current ICAO to include outer space, as at national level the United States did by creating their space transportation offi ce within the Federal Aviation Administration. The working group has produced a white book for public distribution about the stakes involved and the merits of an international civil space regulatory framework. The white book discusses the various legal and regulatory treaties, organizations and standards that currently impact commercial space safety. It notes that the International Standards Organization (ISO) is the only international body that has attempted so far to develop space safety standards for global use. They are in any case unstructured, sparse, generic and not endorsed by national space regulatory bodies. Because the ISO mission is to develop industrial standards to facilitate international commerce and not safety regulations, all its past and present efforts in the fi eld of safety are doomed to be neglected (as currently the case for the ISO standards for toy safety). Furthermore ISO standards are meant for voluntary use thus defeating the key purpose of achieving an even level of risk worldwide while preventing unfair competition due to the use of national substandard safety practices. However, some national and multinational space bodies have developed
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94: actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112: the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124: States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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