Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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much depend on the integrity and reliability of space-based systems and services. In summary, air-traffi c management and space-bound traffi c management are highly interdependent, and both will be very much dependent in the future on space-based systems. Because orbital traffi c management (to avoid collisions and interferences) is essential to ensure the integrity of spacebased systems, integrated air and space traffi c management is essential for ensuring aviation safety and public safety. Assigning the international coordination and control of near-space traffi c management to ICAO, instead of a separate international space organization, would bring about obvious advantages in terms of synergy and effi ciency. INTEGRATION OF AVIATION AND SPACE INFRASTRUCTURES AND SERVICES Similarly to traffi c management integration, the trend to operate aerospacecraft for space tourism from dual-use ground infrastructure (airport/ spaceport), requires a well-integrated international regulatory framework both for fl ightworthiness certifi cation and ground operations, which a single organization (the ICAO) could better achieve than separate international space and aviation organizations. Such integration would become unavoidable as soon as the space tourism industry starts offering point-topoint international fl ights (via outer space). There are then further areas of integration and common interest. While it is well known that terrestrial weather forecasts are essential also for space system safety during launch and re-entry operations, only recently has the aviation community become interested and indeed concerned about dissemination of space weather forecasts, and planning of related operational responses. Space weather is a collective term for radiation from a number of varying conditions on the Sun plus cosmic rays, which have potential serious effects on electronic systems and on human beings. As airline cross-polar traffi c (above 78 o N) increases, the aviation industry is becoming concerned about a number of safety-related issues such as disruption in high-frequency communications, navigation system errors, the risk of failure of avionics and radiation hazards for crews. The same concern exists for high-altitude fl ights above 50 o N (for example space tourism). The 119
120 aviation and space weather communities are already soliciting ICAO to take the lead in coordinating international rules on space weather forecast dissemination and uniform risk mitigation responses. CONCLUSIONS A global civil/commercial space industry is emerging involving the traditional space powers with a multiplicity of government and corporate stakeholders worldwide. Today space activities are still too driven by national mission objectives while international interdependence and the global interest of safety tend to be overlooked. It is commonly believed in the private spacefl ight industry that safety regulations are potentially detrimental to its development because of related costs. Such a misconception is quite singular. In fact there is no commercial industry in which safety risk is treated as secondary to commercial goals, costs or profi ts. Civil aviation, nuclear and pharmaceutical industry—even the toy industry—are examples of a deeply rooted safety culture being prerequisite for success and expansion. The idea that the pollution of the space environment by orbital debris can be controlled on a voluntary basis, and that the current safety risk of space projects cannot be substantially improved otherwise there would no space industry, is obsolete, faulty and may end up negating access to outer space for future generations. Furthermore because the safety risk of space operations is predominantly international in nature it should be no longer treated according to “local” policies. As critical services for aviation safety move to outer space, space traffi c through the international airspace increases, hybrid aero-spacecraft are developed, and aviation and space ground infrastructures and services are merged, the case for an integrated international civil aviation and space regulatory framework becomes clear. In this respect an international civil space regulatory branch within ICAO would fulfi l at the international level the same role currently performed within the US Federal Aviation Administration by its space branch. Near space, the region of outer space that extends up to and includes geostationary orbits, is nowadays a strategic asset of international interest comparable to the high seas and international airspace. The current international space treaties are insuffi cient to address near-space global safety and traffi c management issues. It is time for a new air and space international convention.
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94: actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112: the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124: States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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