Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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viii binding instruments are important mechanisms by which to guarantee a secure and stable space environment, for the benefi t of all. On a personal note, I leave UNIDIR in mid-2008 and I am proud of the work UNIDIR has done to create ideas for peace and security since I became Director in 1997. I am particularly proud of this series of conferences and their proceedings. It has not been easy to create a safe space for discussion on what has proven to be a hotly contested issue in the Conference on Disarmament. Nobody wants a war in outer space, but steps to avoid such a catastrophe range from treaties to prevent weaponization and build trust, to arming even commercial satellites in order to defend against attack and thus preparing for worst-case scenarios. In creating an annual discussion in Geneva, bringing experts from academia, government, the commercial sector and the military, we have enabled the negotiators at the Conference on Disarmament to explore and understand the variety of problems and the range of solutions with respect to outer space security. In publishing the proceedings (the summary of which is published annually as an offi cial document of the Conference on Disarmament), we are reaching out to a wider audience beyond Geneva. This year we have made a specifi c effort to involve the Next Generation, the voices of those who will inherit the effects of the decisions we make today. It is our hope that our wide-ranging, provocative discussions in Geneva will contribute to the global efforts to create a secure outer space for all. Patricia Lewis Director UNIDIR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like to thank all of the speakers at the conference for their expert and intellectual contributions: Einar Bjorgo, Samuel Black, Gérard Brachet, Nancy Gallagher, Theresa Hitchens, Alexander Karl, David Koplow, Garold Larson, Andrey Makarov, Geraint Morgan, Francesco Pisano, Tommaso Sgobba, Yvette Stevens, Victor Vasiliev, Wang Daxue, Jessica West, Maureen Williams, Pearl Williams and Ray Williamson. We would also like to thank the Director-General of the United Nations Offi ce at Geneva and Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Sergei Ordzhonikidze, for delivering the welcoming remarks. UNIDIR would like to express its gratitude to the Governments of Canada, China and Russia, as well as to the Secure World Foundation and The Simons Foundation, for their fi nancial, political and material support of this conference. In Geneva, UNIDIR would like to thank Ambassador Marius Grinius, Geoff Gartshore and Gillian Frost of the Permanent Mission of Canada; Ambassador Wang Qun and Li Chijiang of the Permanent Mission of China; and Ambassador Valery Loshchinin, Victor Vasiliev, Valery Semin and Alexey Petrenko of the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation. We are also indebted to Cynda Collins Arsenault of the Secure World Foundation, as well as to Jennifer Allen Simons of The Simons Foundation for her unswerving support for this series of conferences. Anita Blétry, Nicolas Gérard, Jason Powers and Kerstin Vignard followed the proceedings through the production phase. ix
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21 and 22: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33 and 34: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60:
30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62:
32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64:
NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66:
This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68:
Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78:
and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80:
as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92:
IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94:
actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96:
TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108:
mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112:
the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114:
condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122:
confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124:
States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128:
104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130:
106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132:
108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142:
118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144:
120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162:
space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164:
provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166:
SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178:
outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186:
166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188:
168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190:
170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192:
172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194:
SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196:
178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198:
180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 201 and 202:
184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206:
ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208:
CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210:
The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211:
ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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