Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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2008, illustrates the increasing number of catalogued space objects from 1957 to the end of 2007, most of them space debris. Note in particular the signifi cant increase of payload debris in 2007, which for the most part resulted from the voluntary destruction and break-up of the Chinese satellite Fengyun-1C by a Chinese ballistic missile on 11 January 2007. Chart 1. The number of space objects catalogued by the US Space Surveillance Network during each six-month period from October 1957 to January 2008 The fi gures above and the long-term trend of catalogued space objects in orbit shown in Chart 1 illustrates how the proliferation of space debris is a real concern for the future utilization of outer space. Although the actual deployment of weapons in outer space has not happened, ground-based weapons can be used against low-Earth-orbit spacecraft and aggravate the situation. If such weapons were activated in a confl ict situation, the huge amount of space debris that they would generate and the feeling of insecurity that it would create would jeopardize the future use of near- Earth outer space. 123
124 In other word, space security is fragile and not guaranteed, particularly if one takes a long-term view. It is therefore clear that maintaining safe and secure access to outer space will require a lot more attention. It will become necessary to develop rules of behaviour and instil a higher degree of discipline in all actors to be able to manage orbital traffi c, orbital positions and facilitate space operations. SOME REASONS TO BE OPTIMISTIC Space security is not guaranteed but there are some reasons to believe that there are ways to improve the safe and secure use of outer space. First of all, the excellent work done over the last 10 years on the space debris issue by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), which gathers 10 major space agencies, 2 and the unanimous adoption in 2007 by the 67 member states of COPUOS of the UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, 3 which were later endorsed by the UN General Assembly, 4 provide a good model of how the international community can make some progress towards a regime of sustainable space operations. Based on the model of the work on space debris mitigation, and as a follow-up to an idea that I fi rst proposed at the George Washington University/Space Policy Institute workshop on space security held in Paris in May 2006, 5 I proposed to the COPUOS delegations in June 2007 6 that they should tackle the issue of long-term sustainability of space activities with a bottom-up approach comparable to the space debris mitigations guidelines. COPUOS has not yet taken a formal decision on this proposal but delegations are gradually becoming more conscious of the need to address this issue. A FIRST STEP TOWARDS THE LONG-TERM SUSTAINABLE USE OF OUTER SPACE However, without waiting for a formal decision by COPUOS, which will require the unanimous consent of 67 delegations, a fi rst implementation step took place recently at the initiative of France. On 7–8 February 2008, France hosted in Paris an informal working meeting of spacefaring nations to address the topic of long-term sustainability of space activities. The
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112: the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124: States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194: SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196: 178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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