Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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66 Mars Climate Orbiter, which crashed into the Martian atmosphere due to what investigators called “a failure to recognize and correct an error in a transfer of information” between industry spacecraft engineers in Colorado and a NASA mission navigation team in California. When US engineering students examine this case study, they usually provide several explanations for why the mishap occurred. The thoughtful explanation they provide for the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter is that it refl ects the fact that scientists and engineers working in different organizations can and do have differing frames of reference. Such differences often encompass not only systems of measurement but also broader approaches to systems engineering and spacecraft operations. During the fi rst four decades of the space age, these differences had little effect. Satellites operated by various companies and governments were relatively few in number, and spacecraft operated by different nations were usually separated by fairly large distances. Although the United States and other governments did and do pay close attention to fi ght safety for the International Space Station and other human spacefl ight missions, the question of how different nations’ robotic spacecraft interacted with each other was not a major concern. But as outer space becomes increasingly vital to economic prosperity and international security, there is increasing interest in exploring new approaches for collision avoidance and improved responses to purposeful interference incidents. There also has been increasing international interest in new approaches for shared space situational awareness. In this regard, it is worth noting that civil society has provided a range of options for new approaches for international cooperation in spacefl ight safety. In addition to commercial operators, academic institutions such as the International Space University and non-governmental organizations such as the International Academy of Astronautics have devoted considerable effort to initial studies that can serve as valuable catalysts for further discussion between government and industry experts. Our past experience with expert discussions on space debris mitigation shows how dialogues between experts can help to educate non-technical policymakers and establish clear guidelines and standard practices for responsible operators to exchange information and coordinate their
actions. As these groups develop consensus, the results can be forwarded to COPUOS for consideration. ENHANCING TRANSPARENCY AND BUILDING CONFIDENCE IN INTENTIONS Given the complexity of these topics, the deliberations may take some time. As a result, it is important that they not become distorted by parochial political agendas or unnecessarily duplicated by competing discussions in other venues. COPUOS scientifi c and technical subcommittee meetings should remain the key multilateral forum for considering general best practice guidelines regarding the peaceful use of outer space. Any consideration of outer space TCBMs in other bilateral and multilateral settings should take into full account what goes on in both civil society and at COPUOS. With regard to TCBMs specifi cally relating to the use of outer space to maintain international peace and security, the United States also favours a bottom-up approach that begins with bilateral dialogues with foreign governments on space security issues. In particular, these discussions can explore measures that can increase transparency regarding national security space policies and strategies, thus reducing uncertainty over intentions. Bilateral discussions also could consider new measures that could decrease the risk of misinterpretation or miscalculation during, for example, a crisis or confrontation. One such measure could be creating new or expanding established “hot lines” between capitals, allowing political and military leaders to communicate directly with each other regarding space incidents. Specifi c measures could include regular exchanges between senior space commanders and their staffs as well as launch and satellite operations offi cers. US offi cers in Florida, Colorado and California look forward to welcoming their Russian counterparts, and to reciprocal future visits to launch centres and movement control centres in Russia. Such exchanges can help to build mutual understanding and enhance trust—two key prerequisites for enhanced cooperation and crisis management. The United States trusts our record of cooperation with Russia will be considered as part of a broader examination of options for voluntary 67
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86: forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112: the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124: States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
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space for any purposes that the Uni
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provide adequate reassurance that n
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SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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