Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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practices, and to allow for mutual assistance and rescue in case of need. Some examples of such benefi ts are as follows. COMMERCIAL PAYLOADS SAFETY REQUIREMENTS Commercial launch sites tend nowadays to be quite international by hosting large foreign teams during (foreign) spacecraft preparation for launch. As a fi rst step, the harmonization of launch range safety requirement for payloads would: develop and propagate a common safety culture in the specifi c fi eld; allow spacecraft developers to design their systems according to a single set of safety requirements, no matter which launch vehicle and site is later used; and exclude safety programme costs from the commercial competition equation. In perspective, uniform safety technical requirements would allow a regime of mutual recognition of safety certifi cates which may be granted by a national safety authority for international use, as is already the case in many comparable fi elds (aviation, for example). Such an approach would allow a further enhancement of overall system safety by not limiting the safety certifi cation to the safety design aspects as is currently the case, but including all elements of independent quality assurance surveillance of the actual manufacturing and testing by the national space authority. SPACE TOURISM In the fi eld of space tourism there are currently about 26 different concepts and vehicles under development, mainly in the United States, but also in Canada, Russia and Europe. Spaceports dedicated to suborbital fl ights are being established in Malaysia, Scotland, Singapore, Sweden and the United Arab Emirates. Several civil aviation authorities have initiated their own studies on possible regulatory frameworks. The SpaceShipTwo vehicles being built by the US company Scaled Composites will be owned and operated by the UK company Virgin Galactic. This is similar to the Canadian Arrow, to be operated by the US Company PlanetSpace. Because of such cross border relationships, complicated legal and regulatory issues arise. For example, as SpaceShipTwo is classifi ed as rocket, 115
116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain technical assistance agreements under US armament technology transfer rules to work and exchange data with Scaled Composites. Because of the Outer Space Treaty clauses, the vehicle has to be certifi ed by UK space authorities and by those of each state, legally “launch state” (therefore also responsible and liable), in which the vehicle would be operated. A coordination and indeed harmonization of the national spacefl ight certifi cation regulations becomes therefore unavoidable to make space tourism a worldwide industry. ICAO AS A MODEL WHAT IS THE ICAO? In 1910, just a few years after the fi rst uncertain “jump” into the air of the Wright brothers, the fi rst important conference on an international air law code was convened in Paris. The treatment of aviation matters was a subject at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and it was entrusted to a special Aeronautical Commission. Later, an International Air Convention was established which brought about the creation of an International Commission for Air Navigation in 1922. A small permanent secretariat was located in Paris to assist the commission in its tasks of monitoring the developments in civil aviation and to propose measures to states to keep abreast of developments. In consideration of the great advancements being made in the technical and operational possibilities of air transport during the Second World War, the United States initiated in 1943 studies of post-war civil aviation. The studies confi rmed, once more, the belief that civil aviation had to be organized on an international scale or it would not be possible to use it as one of the key elements for driving the economic development of the post-war world. The US government therefore extended an invitation to 55 states to attend in November 1944 an International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago, which culminated with the signature on 7 December 1944 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The 96 articles of the convention established the privileges and restrictions of all contracting states and provided for the adoption of international standards and recommended practices to secure the highest possible degree of uniformity in regulations and standards, procedures and organization regarding civil aviation matters. The convention set up the permanent
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88: precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92: IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94: actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96: TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98: In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100: in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102: The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104: Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106: SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108: mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110: thereby and which may run counter t
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Page 113 and 114: condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116: Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118: ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
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Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
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ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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