Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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ACHIEVING A SUSTAINABLE SPACE ENVIRONMENT Ray Williamson and Cynda Collins Arsenault In the 50 years since the launch of Sputnik, the world has made great strides in the development and use of the space environment. Developed nations, especially, have become highly dependent on space applications for communications, broadcast services, navigation and daily weather forecasts, among other useful services. Developing states as well are increasing their dependence on such systems. Today, however, growing numbers of in-orbit spacecraft, increasing amounts of orbital debris and the threat of space weapons in orbit endanger the future use of outer space. Some 830 working satellites now orbit Earth, providing benefi ts in the form of useful services, scientifi c observations and peacekeeping. This chapter outlines the primary threats to future space activities and explores the steps that will be needed to ensure the continued peaceful use of outer space. In particular, it examines orbital debris mitigation, cooperative space situational awareness and space traffi c management. It analyses the opportunities and challenges faced by the space community in addressing these important steps to a sustainable space environment. BENEFITS FROM SPACE ACTIVITIES Since October 1957, the use of the orbital Earth environment has grown substantially to the point that governments, the private sector and the world’s militaries now depend on satellites and their associated ground systems to provide numerous social and economic benefi ts. Yet the benefi ts are not solely economic in nature. Position, navigation and timing (PNT) systems provide numerous non-quantifi able social benefi ts around the world, including enhancing safety of life and property and easing the plight of lost drivers everywhere. In the United States, satellite systems now provide more than 90% of the data that feed into the models for the US National Weather Service forecasts. 1 Further, space systems enhance 177
178 the ability to secure borders, fi ght natural disasters and reduce fraud in agricultural support systems. The striking thing about space systems today is that many of the benefi ts they provide are so suffused throughout society that we hardly even notice that they derive from satellite systems. Whether the application is on-line banking, cell phone use or using a credit card to purchase fuel from the local service station, citizens both of developed and developing countries are making increasing use of such services. In the future, the nascent use of satellite services in tele-health and tele-education is expected to grow, bringing numerous benefi ts to rural communities around the world and reducing the gap between rich and poor. Additionally, in some cases satellites offer developing countries the opportunity to catch up to more developed countries in communications and natural resources management without going through an initial stage of expensive infrastructure development. THREATS TO CONTINUED USE OF THE ORBITAL SPACE ENVIRONMENT Operating spacecraft successfully has always been a challenge because outer space is a risky place where spacecraft designers need to plan for extreme vacuum, extreme cold and a high radiation environment, among many other engineering issues. The design challenges the space environment pose have been largely, if expensively, solved. However, recently, orbital crowding, growing clouds of orbital debris and the threat of destructive space weapons have added to the threats faced by the systems that we depend upon daily. INCREASINGLY CROWDED ORBITS Outer space is vast and mostly empty, with collisions between working satellites only a remote possibility. However, certain choice orbits are becoming suffi ciently crowded that satellite-to-satellite collisions are increasingly possible. For example the sun-synchronous polar orbits that Earth observation satellites use to provide valuable reconnaissance, weather and commercial information to users are particularly at risk. As a case in point, on 4 July 2007, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) found it prudent to move the US–Canadian
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193: SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 197 and 198: 180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199 and 200: 182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 201 and 202: 184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204: SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206: ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208: CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210: The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211: ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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