Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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192 Secondly, there is a rapid expansion in the number of actors in outer space at the state level and also by individual entities. We note for example that the Conference on Disarmament (CD) now has 65 members and the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) has 69. This is a far cry from the situation which existed during the early days of space exploration when the number of spacefaring nations, including Canada, was very small. With this growing level of interest and activity, there is a growing appreciation globally of the need for a rules-based environment to ensure that the governance structure in place is suffi cient to safeguard space exploration and its benefi ts for the future of all humankind. Sadly, we recognize that there are shortcomings. The real question then is what can we do, what structures can we put in place which will contribute positively to the objective of preserving outer space as a global resource for the “next generation” and beyond? Historically, the CD has been regarded as the world’s pre-eminent disarmament negotiating body whose mandate includes regulating the activities of nations with respect to the prevention of an arms race in outer space. While this may be one of its stated objectives, it is common knowledge that the CD has been deadlocked for years in terms of addressing emerging security challenges. In fact, in January of 2008, the Secretary- General of the United Nations, in an address to the opening session of the CD, stated “the Conference on Disarmament has accomplished a great deal—but its successes are distant memories”. He pointed out that a disarmament stalemate can jeopardize other UN charter objectives, such as the Millennium Development Goals, and reminded the CD membership that the United Nations must lead efforts to improve the global security climate. Canada has been honoured both in 2007 and in 2008 to have acted as coordinator for the CD agenda item on the prevention of an arms race in outer space (PAROS) (Paul Meyer in 2007 and Marius Grinius in 2008). Based on our observations, we have concluded that in spite of the current stalemate on key issues, there is scope for forward movement which could begin with something as straightforward as CD members agreeing to a programme of work and pursuing it with commitment. There is clear recognition that with the expanded membership of “spacefaring nations” the issues are broader than the “non-weaponization of space”.
The draft treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects, tabled by China and Russia in the CD, will serve to further our discussion on how gaps in the legal framework of space security might be addressed. As you are aware, many of the technologies used to access the benefi ts of outer space fall into the category of “dual-use technologies”. From our perspective this affords the opportunity for COPUOS and its subcommittees to play a central role in responding to the challenges and opportunities posed by the international community’s increased reliance on outer space. The work of COPUOS could be optimized by establishing closer links, for example, with the CD. Gérard Brachet, who made an earlier presentation on the long-term sustainability of space activities while addressing an informal coordinators’ session of the CD in February 2008, pointed out that “Vienna’s work covers both non-aggressive military and civilian use of outer space”. In Canada’s view it would be timely and benefi cial for both bodies to reduce the outdated, artifi cial distinctions between the respective mandates of the CD and COPUOS and to initiate a formal, forward-looking collaboration in common purpose. In the case of the CD however, such a move would be predicated on fi rst agreeing on a programme of work. We note for example, that very useful work is being undertaken in the Legal Subcommittee of COPUOS, which would enhance the effectiveness of the Registration Convention in gathering information on “the manoeuvrability and effective irradiated power capabilities of newly registered space objects”. This additional information could assist other registrants in computing a harm index that would assess the ability of the newly registered space object to interfere, damage or destroy other space objects by contact or at range. In short, we remain convinced of the need to develop an increasingly broad and encompassing concept of space security that addresses not only the weaponization of outer space but also the broader military, environmental, commercial and civil dimensions of outer space. Practical steps toward achieving a common understanding of space security—steps which include realistically attainable objectives—can serve to establish a foundation for a more comprehensive regime which may be built in the coming years. Though there is varying emphasis in terms of what activities may be the most useful to pursue, there is growing recognition that transparency and confi dence-building measures can a play key role in moving the agenda 193
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172: 150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194: SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196: 178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198: 180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199 and 200: 182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 201 and 202: 184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204: SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206: ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207: CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 211: ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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