Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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WELCOMING REMARKS Sergei Ordzhonikidze It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the Palais des Nations and to continue the tradition of opening this annual conference on space security and the prevention of an arms race in outer space, organized by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. This year’s conference—the seventh in the series—is entitled “Security in Space: The Next Generation”. But, this should not lead us to believe that reinforcing security in outer space is a futuristic project; it is very much an immediate concern for our generation. As space technologies advance and our dependence on outer space deepens, the issue of space security has taken on crucial importance for us all. We have become ever more reliant on space science and technology, such as cell phones, satellite television and global positioning systems—so much so that any interruption of the use of outer space would disrupt our daily lives. Space exploration stimulates creative thinking among visionary pioneers, and it is a source of scientifi c knowledge fundamental to our existence, often in areas we may not initially associate with outer space. As an example, the use of existing space technology can play a central role in supporting disaster management by providing accurate and timely information for decision-making and re-establishing communication in case of disasters. Space science and space technology and their applications, in areas such as telemedicine, tele-education and environmental protection, can contribute signifi cantly to development. As we mark the midpoint toward the realization of the Millennium Development Goals, we must keep in mind these benefi ts of space activities for economic growth and sustainable development. Ever since the beginning of the space age, the development and spread of space technologies have been key components of globalization, spurring international cooperation. As an ever-larger number of players enter into 1
2 space activities, it has become critically important to ensure the security and integrity of outer space. One of the most effective ways to enhance space security is to build trust and confi dence among spacefaring states by promoting international partnerships and cooperation. Such cooperation in outer space has been accelerated in the wake of the Cold War. Today, Americans and Russians, along with Europeans, Japanese, Canadians and many others have worked— and lived—together on the International Space Station. Outer space also provides numerous business and commercial opportunities. Hundreds of satellites have been put into orbit, providing a sweeping set of new services, ranging from international communications and weather forecasting, to broadcasting and Internet services. Today, the commercial space sector generates over a hundred billion dollars every year in direct revenue. This rapid expansion of the private space sector has also contributed to greater international cooperation, which, in turn, has helped to nurture mutual trust and build confi dence between and among states engaged in space activities. However, after half a century of expansion in space activities, there is widespread and growing concern about the security of the space environment. As a result of the exponentially increasing amount of debris, experts worry that speeding fragments of orbital debris might spark a cascade of collisions, threatening to destroy satellites and spacecraft. In this context, it is encouraging that the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) adopted the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines last year. But this does not directly reduce the existing danger. As the Chairman of COPUOS reported in this Council Chamber last month, there are about 13,000 pieces of space debris large enough to be tracked. Most notably, there is serious concern that outer space will not be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, but could be turned into an arena for military confrontation and competition. As we are all aware, modern international law does not prohibit deployment in outer space of weapons other than weapons of mass destruction. As an illustration, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty does not deal with conventional weapons. However, such weapons—if deployed in outer space—would have the capability, as well as the global reach, to destroy space objects of any kind. It is important to
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21 and 22: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 23 and 24: For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74: Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76: NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78: and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80: as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82: The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84: The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88:
precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
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Refusal to hold consultations, or t
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confi rmation thirty days after the
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States Parties to the Treaty shall
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space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
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104 a potential direct threat to ma
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106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
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108 of government and corporate sta
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110 growth will be badly hurt if th
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112 and samples of residual materia
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114 outer space beyond the geostati
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116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
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118 air and space traffi c in the i
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120 aviation and space weather comm
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122 could play a role in lowering o
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124 In other word, space security i
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126 a second meeting of the informa
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128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
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130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
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132 that survives to reach the surf
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FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
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The United States has never conduct
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space for any purposes that the Uni
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provide adequate reassurance that n
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SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
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146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
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148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
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150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
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RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
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this issue would ensure that a trea
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outer space is fundamentally import
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160 it is formed, what power it has
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162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
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164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
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166 CIL has always been an importan
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168 neutral space assets, even if t
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170 Despite that fi stful of treati
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172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
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SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
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178 the ability to secure borders,
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180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
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182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
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184 nations, an essential ingredien
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SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
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ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
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CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
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The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211:
ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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