Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

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A special verifi cation protocol can follow the treaty at a later stage or a PPWT verifi cation mechanism may be substituted by a set of confi dencebuilding measures. This does not mean at all that compliance with a PPWT’s provisions is unverifi able and that verifi cation is not needed. A special study of this issue by our Canadian colleagues (see CD/1785) has proven that verifi cation of non-placement of weapons in outer space is possible in principle. We agree with their conclusions. THE DRAFT PPWT AND THE CD The CD has been discussing and developing basic elements of a PPWT for fi ve years. The results of the discussions have been refl ected in three compilations and in the set of CD working documents submitted by Canada, Russia and China. They speak for themselves. We have not heard any substantive or convincing arguments against a PPWT. The overwhelming majority of our partners reacted positively to the PPWT draft. Many states are looking forward to substantive work on this issue at the CD. We think it is now essential to focus on substantial discussions on a PPWT within Item 3 of the CD Agenda without linking it to any other issues. We also believe that such discussion will allow us to develop necessary interaction with the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and thus deal with what directly corresponds to the CD mandate—that is, elaborate a PPWT. We have submitted the draft PPWT with a research mandate. It has been supported by the majority of member states of the CD and does not add any complications to achieving a compromise on the current draft programme of work of the CD. We hope that subsequently, when appropriate conditions are there, our work can be channelled into a negotiating format through establishment of a relevant ad hoc committee of the CD. NEXT STEPS We believe that we can subsequently conduct discussions on PPWT issues if we follow the structure of the proposed treaty elements. Hence, the subject of the further work could be divided in the following topics: 149
150 preamble—aims of a new treaty, its place in the system of international space legislation, explanation of how important and practically useful it is; terms and defi nitions—the real need for them, and what they might possibly contain; the scope and basic obligations; use of outer space for peaceful and other purposes; TCBMs in outer space activities—the appropriateness, the opportunity for and the content of measures to verify implementation of basic obligations; a settlement of disputes mechanism; the need for and the opportunity to establish an executive body to deal with the implementation of a PPWT, how it would interact with COPUOS and other international organizations; a PPWT and international cooperation in research and use of outer space for peaceful purposes; organizational issues—the possibility of making amendments, signature and ratifi cation of the treaty, and its entry into force; and possible additional elements for such a treaty. In the course of the recent CD debates on the issues of outer space we have already reached a common understanding that all states are interested in keeping outer space from turning into an arena for military confrontation, in assuring security in outer space and uninterrupted functioning of outer space objects. It is important that we all share this interest. The issue is how to realize this interest in practice. A number of countries have already submitted some specifi c proposals in connection with the draft treaty. We should have thorough discussions and take maximum account of them. We hope that the timetable of meetings to be fi nalized by the six presidents of the CD would allow us to continue substantive discussions on all matters related to a PPWT. CONCLUSION We are driven by the belief that the PPWT will serve the security interests of all states and will contradict the interests of none.
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THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
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About the cover Cover photograph co
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
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xii on the editorial board of The B
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xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
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CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
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Another threat that we need to addr
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humanitarian workers to reach the e
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The question was raised as to wheth
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For this reasons, TCBMs and a treat
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cases actors should engage in consu
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Following the presentations by the
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Could stated national policies, if
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the contrary. Rules in space became
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effects of space weather, and of co
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2 space activities, it has become c
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4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
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SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
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The fi rst issue is space debris. S
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avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
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14 For its devastating power, the d
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16 papers elaborating our views on
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DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
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for life on Mars could have a numbe
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Combining their expertise in mass s
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26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
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28 strengthen disaster preparedness
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30 solutions for human security, pe
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32 and other small particles. There
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NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
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This is a summary of all objects in
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Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
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was on par with one another at roug
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challenge to the international comm
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Notes 1 This research has been made
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NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
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and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
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as well as terrestrial capabilities
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The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
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The critics are right to recall tha
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forums. It could be negotiated by a
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precedent for non-interference with
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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IADC’s terms of reference also pr
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actions. As these groups develop co
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TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
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In addition, strict compliance with
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in considering eventual confi dence
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The above-mentioned measures are no
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Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
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SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
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mechanisms under permanent review,
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thereby and which may run counter t
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the discretion of that state—henc
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condition of “common agreement”
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Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
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ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120: Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122: confi rmation thirty days after the
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Page 125 and 126: space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128: 104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130: 106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132: 108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134: 110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136: 112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138: 114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140: 116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142: 118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144: 120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146: 122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148: 124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150: 126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152: 128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154: 130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156: 132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158: FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160: The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162: space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164: provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166: SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168: 146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169: 148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 173 and 174: RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176: this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178: outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180: 160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182: 162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184: 164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186: 166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188: 168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190: 170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192: 172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194: SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196: 178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198: 180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199 and 200: 182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 201 and 202: 184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204: SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206: ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208: CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210: The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211: ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
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