Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

More documents

Recommendations

Info

xxiv example through the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) in producing its Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, which laid the foundation for those endorsed in 2007 by COPUOS and the General Assembly. The United States strongly supports involving private sector satellite operators in the dialogue on collision avoidance and space debris mitigation, given the experience such operators have developed in coordination and cooperation among themselves. Scientists and engineers from a wide range of government and commercial organizations have an increasing interest in sharing space situational awareness, and an expert dialogue would lead to clear guidelines and the comprehensive coordination of action. However, deliberations take time and so the United States proposes that bilateral agreements on transparency measures should also be undertaken in parallel. One suggestion in this regard would be to install or expand hotlines between capitals to facilitate direct communication regarding space incidents. Another measure could be regular exchanges of senior space offi cers and their staffs, as well as operations offi cers. Such exchanges can help to build trust and understanding, two key elements of cooperation and effective crisis management. Andrey Makarov of the Russian Ministry of Defence addressed TCBMs, which are integral to the international legal framework. They are recognized by the United Nations as a mechanism to promote understanding and to lessen tensions. They can assist in strengthening international peace and security, and in helping to prevent war. However, they must not take the place of disarmament efforts, distract attention from such, nor substitute for the implementation of agreements that have been reached. Still, they may be developed independently to promote favourable conditions for agreement, or be used as parallel measures to strengthen agreements. TCBMs are recognized as important for regulating space activities. Again, such measures must strengthen international peace and security, but to be effective they must respect national security concerns. They must as well account for differing capabilities of actors, as these differences in the realm of space activities are extreme. For many states, the time has come to proceed with negotiations on a treaty banning the placement of weapons in space. But national concerns make this a diffi cult step. TCBMs can and should be considered as being easy fi rst steps to strengthening space security, and laying the foundation for stronger legally binding agreements.
For this reasons, TCBMs and a treaty banning weaponization should be pursued in parallel. Following the presentations by the panellists, the ensuing discussion focused broadly on two issues: codes of conduct; and information sharing. The question was raised about the difference between legally binding and politically binding in relation to the proposals for a code of conduct in outer space. The discussion centred around the sense that a politically binding instrument would receive greater support currently and is not dependent on ratifi cation processes, thus perhaps would be easier to obtain. Interest was expressed as to whether the commercial owners of satellites are willing to share information about assets in space. The answer was that this information is already available, because of the obligation to register every space object with the UN Secretariat. This information is accessible to all and experts are able to quickly ascertain the purposes of the satellites listed according to their orbits and types. SESSION III FROM CONFRONTATION TO COOPERATION Nancy Gallagher of the University of Maryland discussed how the end of the Cold War and increasing dependence on space started a debate in the 1990s about the proper approach to the use of space. For most space actors, the assumption is that space is an environment where cooperation is and must be the norm, and where the management of debris, traffi c, resources and so forth could be accomplished through informal tools, such as codes of conduct. For an important minority of space actors, the environment is one of increasing competition, wherein the security of space assets and uses is assured through dominance of that environment. Which of these approaches will provide the better route to space security? One way to evaluate this is to examine the results achieved by the minority of actors that seek space dominance. How much have proponents of space dominance achieved to this end? Vast amounts of money have been spent xxv
Page 1 and 2: THE SIMONS FOUNDATION SECURE WORLD
Page 3 and 4: About the cover Cover photograph co
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD Outer space is an essentia
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIDIR would like
Page 11 and 12: xii on the editorial board of The B
Page 13 and 14: xiv Victor VASILIEV Victor Vasiliev
Page 15 and 16: CONFERENCE SUMMARY The conference
Page 17 and 18: Another threat that we need to addr
Page 19 and 20: humanitarian workers to reach the e
Page 21: The question was raised as to wheth
Page 25 and 26: cases actors should engage in consu
Page 27 and 28: Following the presentations by the
Page 29 and 30: Could stated national policies, if
Page 31 and 32: the contrary. Rules in space became
Page 33 and 34: effects of space weather, and of co
Page 35 and 36: 2 space activities, it has become c
Page 37 and 38: 4 in Outer Space, the Threat or Use
Page 39 and 40: SPACE GENERATION ADVISORY COUNCIL A
Page 41 and 42: The fi rst issue is space debris. S
Page 43 and 44: avoid confl ict by prohibiting weap
Page 45 and 46: 14 For its devastating power, the d
Page 47 and 48: 16 papers elaborating our views on
Page 49 and 50: DOWN TO EARTH: A SOLUTION TO A GLOB
Page 51 and 52: for life on Mars could have a numbe
Page 53 and 54: Combining their expertise in mass s
Page 55 and 56: 26 Perhaps the most widespread civi
Page 57 and 58: 28 strengthen disaster preparedness
Page 59 and 60: 30 solutions for human security, pe
Page 61 and 62: 32 and other small particles. There
Page 63 and 64: NEXT GENERATION SPACE SECURITY CHAL
Page 65 and 66: This is a summary of all objects in
Page 67 and 68: Table 2. Worldwide space situationa
Page 69 and 70: was on par with one another at roug
Page 71 and 72: challenge to the international comm
Page 73 and 74:
Notes 1 This research has been made
Page 75 and 76:
NO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE WITH SPACE
Page 77 and 78:
and the second Strategic Arms Reduc
Page 79 and 80:
as well as terrestrial capabilities
Page 81 and 82:
The Henry L. Stimson Center, in col
Page 83 and 84:
The critics are right to recall tha
Page 85 and 86:
forums. It could be negotiated by a
Page 87 and 88:
precedent for non-interference with
Page 89 and 90:
TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 91 and 92:
IADC’s terms of reference also pr
Page 93 and 94:
actions. As these groups develop co
Page 95 and 96:
TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE-BUILDIN
Page 97 and 98:
In addition, strict compliance with
Page 99 and 100:
in considering eventual confi dence
Page 101 and 102:
The above-mentioned measures are no
Page 103 and 104:
Notes 1 General Assembly, Special R
Page 105 and 106:
SAFEGUARDING OUTER SPACE: ON THE RO
Page 107 and 108:
mechanisms under permanent review,
Page 109 and 110:
thereby and which may run counter t
Page 111 and 112:
the discretion of that state—henc
Page 113 and 114:
condition of “common agreement”
Page 115 and 116:
Foundation, and Rebecca Johnson, di
Page 117 and 118:
ANNEX Buenos Aires International In
Page 119 and 120:
Refusal to hold consultations, or t
Page 121 and 122:
confi rmation thirty days after the
Page 123 and 124:
States Parties to the Treaty shall
Page 125 and 126:
space law, UN document A/AC.105/C.2
Page 127 and 128:
104 a potential direct threat to ma
Page 129 and 130:
106 SPACE LAW: MANY PRINCIPLES, NO
Page 131 and 132:
108 of government and corporate sta
Page 133 and 134:
110 growth will be badly hurt if th
Page 135 and 136:
112 and samples of residual materia
Page 137 and 138:
114 outer space beyond the geostati
Page 139 and 140:
116 Virgin Galactic had to obtain t
Page 141 and 142:
118 air and space traffi c in the i
Page 143 and 144:
120 aviation and space weather comm
Page 145 and 146:
122 could play a role in lowering o
Page 147 and 148:
124 In other word, space security i
Page 149 and 150:
126 a second meeting of the informa
Page 151 and 152:
128 ANNEX SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION G
Page 153 and 154:
130 Guideline 1: Limit debris relea
Page 155 and 156:
132 that survives to reach the surf
Page 157 and 158:
FROM SPACE DOMINANCE TO EQUITABLE R
Page 159 and 160:
The United States has never conduct
Page 161 and 162:
space for any purposes that the Uni
Page 163 and 164:
provide adequate reassurance that n
Page 165 and 166:
SESSION IV TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS:
Page 167 and 168:
146 such weapons, if deployed in ou
Page 169 and 170:
148 DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF A PPWT
Page 171 and 172:
150 preamble—aims of a new treaty
Page 173 and 174:
RUSSIAN-CHINESE SPACE-WEAPONS-BAN P
Page 175 and 176:
this issue would ensure that a trea
Page 177 and 178:
outer space is fundamentally import
Page 179 and 180:
160 it is formed, what power it has
Page 181 and 182:
162 ought to be illegal (or, ought
Page 183 and 184:
164 two specifi c ASAT activities:
Page 185 and 186:
166 CIL has always been an importan
Page 187 and 188:
168 neutral space assets, even if t
Page 189 and 190:
170 Despite that fi stful of treati
Page 191 and 192:
172 in combat. Outer space is, of c
Page 193 and 194:
SESSION V NEXT GENERATION, NEXT STE
Page 195 and 196:
178 the ability to secure borders,
Page 197 and 198:
180 and the Chinese in 2007 have le
Page 199 and 200:
182 LIMITING ORBITAL DEBRIS FORMATI
Page 201 and 202:
184 nations, an essential ingredien
Page 203 and 204:
SPACE SECURITY AND SATELLITE APPLIC
Page 205 and 206:
ROLE OF UNOSAT The initial idea of
Page 207 and 208:
CANADA’S PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE SEC
Page 209 and 210:
The draft treaty on the Prevention
Page 211:
ACRONYMS ASAT anti-satellite weapon
show all

Security in Space The Next Generation - UNIDIR

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?