Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
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artificial hells<br />
1977. Although <strong>the</strong> government retaliated predictably <strong>and</strong> violently by<br />
imprisoning several <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> signatories, Charter 77 gave momentum to<br />
organised opposition in <strong>the</strong> 1980s <strong>and</strong> played an instrumental role in <strong>the</strong><br />
Velvet Revolution <strong>of</strong> 1989.<br />
With this political background in mind, it is possible to observe <strong>the</strong><br />
changing idea <strong>of</strong> public space as manifested in participatory art from <strong>the</strong><br />
1960s (when actions in public were possible) to <strong>the</strong> 1970s (when public ga<strong>the</strong>rings<br />
were banned), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> different ways in which artists dealt with this<br />
in Prague <strong>and</strong> Bratislava. The fi rst fi gure to be considered is Milan Knížák<br />
(b.1940), an idiosyncratic character based in Prague, associated with Fluxus,<br />
<strong>and</strong> organiser <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fi rst Happenings in Czechoslovakia. Through <strong>the</strong> critic<br />
Jindřich Chalupecký, Knížák was in contact with Allan Kaprow <strong>and</strong> Jean-<br />
Jacques Lebel, <strong>and</strong> in 1965 was nominated as ‘Director <strong>of</strong> Fluxus East’ by<br />
George Brecht. Yet Knížák rejected both Fluxus <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Happenings:<br />
Fluxus for <strong>the</strong> contrived slightness <strong>of</strong> its events (which remained tied to <strong>the</strong><br />
format <strong>of</strong> conventional stage performance) <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Happenings for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
excessive <strong>the</strong>atricality. 10 He felt that his own work was more ‘natural’, <strong>and</strong><br />
closer to <strong>the</strong> reality <strong>of</strong> human life. As such, he preferred <strong>the</strong> term ‘actions’,<br />
<strong>and</strong> sought to set his work at one remove from Western trends. Signifi cantly,<br />
<strong>the</strong> key factor for him was <strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> participants:<br />
<strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> actions – happenings – in <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> those<br />
created by o<strong>the</strong>r Western authors, <strong>and</strong> almost all actions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fluxus group,<br />
as far as I was able to ascertain from recent publications, are quite easily realised<br />
without <strong>the</strong> input <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> participants. This is because <strong>the</strong>y rely more on<br />
spectators than on participants. What <strong>the</strong>y really create are tableaux vivants<br />
which intend to impress by virtue <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir uniqueness <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir drastic<br />
impact. Thus, <strong>the</strong>y fall readily into <strong>the</strong> traditional framework . . . 11<br />
An additional difference, for Knížák, was <strong>the</strong> question <strong>of</strong> urgency. In <strong>the</strong> mid<br />
’60s he frequently claimed that action art was not a matter <strong>of</strong> art at all, but <strong>of</strong><br />
necessity, a fundamental concern to man. Western art, by contrast, seemed to<br />
him a ‘titillation, a delicacy, a topic <strong>of</strong> conversation’; his activities, he wrote,<br />
‘are not experimental art, but necessary activity’. 12 It is important to underst<strong>and</strong><br />
that this necessity was not construed as political urgency: Knížák<br />
sought a fusion <strong>of</strong> art <strong>and</strong> life (in <strong>the</strong> most utopian <strong>and</strong> naive manner) that has<br />
no direct equivalents in <strong>the</strong> West. His approach is less politically motivated<br />
than those <strong>of</strong> Guy Debord <strong>and</strong> Jean- Jacques Lebel, <strong>and</strong> more poetic <strong>and</strong><br />
provocational than Kaprow’s, even while he shared with all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se fi gures<br />
<strong>the</strong> desire for a more intensely lived social experience.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> Knížák’s actions took place outdoors, on <strong>the</strong> street <strong>and</strong> in backyards.<br />
In order to minimise interruption by police authorities, <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
undertaken swiftly <strong>and</strong> lasted no longer than twenty minutes. One <strong>of</strong> his<br />
most celebrated actions was A Walk Around Nový Svět (1964). 13 Knížák<br />
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