Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
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delegated performance<br />
accompanies many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> projects mentioned above, since <strong>the</strong>y frequently<br />
take place in countries already at <strong>the</strong> disadvantaged end <strong>of</strong> globalisation,<br />
most notably in Central <strong>and</strong> South America. Consequently, he has been<br />
heavily criticised for merely repeating <strong>the</strong> inequities <strong>of</strong> capitalism, <strong>and</strong><br />
more specifi cally <strong>of</strong> globalisation, in which rich countries ‘outsource’ or<br />
‘<strong>of</strong>fshore’ labour to low- paid workers in developing countries. Yet Sierra<br />
always draws attention to <strong>the</strong> economic systems through which his works<br />
are realised, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> way <strong>the</strong>se impact upon <strong>the</strong> work’s reception. In his<br />
work, performance is outsourced via recruitment agencies <strong>and</strong> a fi nancial<br />
transaction takes place that leaves <strong>the</strong> artist at arm’s length from <strong>the</strong><br />
performer; this distance is evident in <strong>the</strong> viewer’s phenomenological<br />
encounter with <strong>the</strong> work, which is disturbingly cold <strong>and</strong> alienated. Unlike<br />
many artists, Sierra is at pains to make <strong>the</strong> details <strong>of</strong> each payment part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> work’s description, turning <strong>the</strong> economic context into one <strong>of</strong> his<br />
primary materials. 6<br />
In its emphasis on <strong>the</strong> phenomenological immediacy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> live body<br />
<strong>and</strong> on specifi c socio- economic identities, we could argue that this type <strong>of</strong><br />
delegated performance owes most to <strong>the</strong> body art tradition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> late 1960s<br />
<strong>and</strong> early 1970s. At <strong>the</strong> same time, it differs from this precursor in important<br />
ways. <strong>Art</strong>ists in <strong>the</strong> 1970s used <strong>the</strong>ir own bodies as <strong>the</strong> medium <strong>and</strong><br />
material <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> work, <strong>of</strong>ten with a corresponding emphasis on physical <strong>and</strong><br />
psychological transgression. Today’s delegated performance still places a<br />
high value upon immediacy, but if it has any transgressive character, this<br />
tends to derive from <strong>the</strong> perception that artists are exhibiting <strong>and</strong> exploiting<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r subjects. 7 As a result, this type <strong>of</strong> performance, in which <strong>the</strong> artist<br />
uses o<strong>the</strong>r people as <strong>the</strong> material <strong>of</strong> his or her work, tends to occasion<br />
heated debate about <strong>the</strong> ethics <strong>of</strong> representation. Duration, meanwhile, is<br />
reconfi gured from a spiritual question <strong>of</strong> individual stamina <strong>and</strong> endurance<br />
to <strong>the</strong> economic matter <strong>of</strong> having suffi cient resources to pay for someone<br />
else’s ongoing presence.<br />
A second str<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> delegated performance, which began to be introduced<br />
in <strong>the</strong> later 1990s, concerns <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essionals from o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
spheres <strong>of</strong> expertise: think <strong>of</strong> Allora <strong>and</strong> Calzadilla hiring opera singers<br />
(Sediments, Sentiments [Figures <strong>of</strong> Speech], 2007) or pianists (Stop, Repair,<br />
Prepare, 2008), <strong>of</strong> Tania Bruguera hiring mounted policemen to demonstrate<br />
crowd- control techniques (in Tatlin’s Whisper 5, 2008), or <strong>of</strong> Tino<br />
Sehgal hiring university pr<strong>of</strong>essors <strong>and</strong> students for his numerous speech-<br />
based situations (This Objective <strong>of</strong> That Object, 2004; This Progress, 2006). 8<br />
These performers tend to be specialists in fi elds o<strong>the</strong>r than that <strong>of</strong> art or<br />
performance, <strong>and</strong> since <strong>the</strong>y tend to be recruited on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essional (elective) identity, ra<strong>the</strong>r than for being representatives <strong>of</strong> a<br />
particular class or race, <strong>the</strong>re is far less controversy <strong>and</strong> ambivalence<br />
around this type <strong>of</strong> work. Critical attention tends to focus on <strong>the</strong> conceptual<br />
frame (which more <strong>of</strong>ten than not is instruction- based) <strong>and</strong> on <strong>the</strong><br />
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