Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship - autonomous ...
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artificial hells<br />
yet <strong>the</strong> driving force behind <strong>the</strong> placements was Barbara Steveni, whose<br />
persistence in chasing organisations cannot be underestimated. 8 Many<br />
more letters were sent out than replies received; by <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Hayward<br />
show in 1971, only six placements had been established after over 100 letters<br />
<strong>of</strong> approach. 9<br />
APG’s slogan was ‘<strong>the</strong> context is half <strong>the</strong> work’, an idea in tune with <strong>the</strong><br />
post- studio tendencies <strong>of</strong> art in <strong>the</strong> later 1960s, <strong>and</strong> indebted to earlier<br />
works such as Robert Rauschenberg’s White Paintings <strong>of</strong> 1951 (a series <strong>of</strong><br />
glossy monochrome canvases that refl ect shadows <strong>and</strong> light in <strong>the</strong> gallery)<br />
<strong>and</strong> to John Cage’s 4′33″ (1952, a ‘silent’ performance in which peripheral<br />
sound becomes <strong>the</strong> composition’s content). However, instead <strong>of</strong> pulling<br />
<strong>the</strong> audience into <strong>the</strong> work, as Rauschenberg <strong>and</strong> Cage had done, APG<br />
operated on <strong>the</strong> inverse principle <strong>of</strong> pushing <strong>the</strong> artist out into society. The<br />
idea <strong>of</strong> artists working with business <strong>and</strong> industry was a familiar tendency<br />
during <strong>the</strong> late ’60s. Early APG documents reference examples in Europe<br />
as comparative models: in France, <strong>the</strong> Groupe Recherche d’<strong>Art</strong> Visuel<br />
(GRAV, discussed in Chapter 3), who were sponsored by industrialists<br />
interested in <strong>the</strong> exploitation <strong>of</strong> techniques <strong>and</strong> visual phenomena; in<br />
Holl<strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Philips electricity company worked directly with an artist to<br />
make robot art; in Italy, competitions were sponsored by Esso <strong>and</strong> Pirelli;<br />
while in Britain, various sculptors were working in new materials that<br />
dem<strong>and</strong>ed close collaboration with steelworks (Eduardo Paolozzi), nickel<br />
laboratories (John Hosking) <strong>and</strong> glass fi bre manufacturers (Phillip King).<br />
In <strong>the</strong> US, Experiments in <strong>Art</strong> <strong>and</strong> Technology (EAT), set up in 1966 by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bell Labs scientist Billy Klüver in collaboration with Robert Rauschenberg,<br />
aimed to bring science to <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong> artistic innovation, while on<br />
<strong>the</strong> West coast in <strong>the</strong> same year, curator Maurice Tuchman established <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Art</strong> <strong>and</strong> Technology programme at LACMA. 10 APG differed from all <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se models in its heavily <strong>the</strong>orised underpinnings, <strong>and</strong> in not basing <strong>the</strong><br />
placements around sponsorship or using collaboration as a way to gain<br />
access to new technology. Science <strong>and</strong> industry were not at <strong>the</strong> service <strong>of</strong><br />
art, but ra<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong> two domains were to confront each o<strong>the</strong>r ideologically.<br />
From today’s perspective, it is tempting to suggest that <strong>the</strong> tacit agenda for<br />
each placement was for art to have a positive, humanising effect upon<br />
industry through <strong>the</strong> inherent creativity <strong>of</strong> artists <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir relative ignorance<br />
<strong>of</strong> business conventions, but Steveni maintains that this was not <strong>the</strong><br />
case. Outcomes were not determined in advance, <strong>and</strong> entirely depended<br />
on <strong>the</strong> individual artist in a given context; this was what APG called <strong>the</strong><br />
‘open brief’. 11 Never<strong>the</strong>less, some artists were clearly more politicised<br />
than o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>and</strong> this was refl ected in <strong>the</strong>ir decisions to work ei<strong>the</strong>r on <strong>the</strong><br />
shop fl oor or in <strong>the</strong> management <strong>of</strong> a given company. Latham himself<br />
claimed to be beyond party politics, which he derided as a ‘form <strong>of</strong><br />
sectional interest civil war’. 12<br />
First- h<strong>and</strong> immersion in an industrial workplace could never<strong>the</strong>less<br />
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