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THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF LIBERIA An Economic History of Modern Liberia BREMEN 1983
i 1 THE OPEN DOOR POLICY OF LIBERIA 1 m An Economic History of Modern Liberia Pnoe./.Achn.i/i ten. veA.kn.ijg ing van de gn.aad van docio/i in de. economi^che ioe.te.nAc.happen aan de. Katholieke. ttoge.Achool 7LULu/ig, op ge.zag van de. ie.c.i.o/1 magni£icuA, pio-fL, dbi. R.A. de. Floo/i, in he.t openLaan. te. ve/idedigen i.e.n oveJi-iiaan van e&n doo/i het colte.g& van de.canen aange.u&zen aommi-iyiie. in de. aula van de Hoge-ichoot op v/iijdag 28 oktolLeji 19 83 ie. 16,75 uusi doon. 7/ie.deyiicu.A Pkilippu.4 ("la/iia van de./i K/iaaij, ge.Lon.en te ' s-H.eni.ogento^ck
Page 1: VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN AUS DEM UBERSEE-
Page 5 and 6: DE.B1CA710N For £IA. Together we s
Page 7 and 8: Vll CHAPTER 3: (continued) Page The
Page 9 and 10: ix CHAPTER 9: THE FORESTRY SECTOR P
Page 11 and 12: Footnotes Annexes Bibliography Inde
Page 13 and 14: xiii National Iron Ore Company, the
Page 15 and 16: XV China at the end of the 19th cen
Page 17 and 18: xvii economically more developed co
Page 19 and 20: XIX blancs, dans le developpement d
Page 21 and 22: XXI des Liberiens de toutes les cla
Page 23 and 24: xxiii DE OPEN DEUR POLITIEK VAN LIB
Page 25 and 26: XXV deze scheiding tussen kustgebie
Page 27 and 28: personeel - niet opgewassen was en
Page 29 and 30: \ I.M.F. i \ INTRUSCO i i j I.T.C.
Page 31 and 32: xxxi LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, CHARTS
Page 33 and 34: TABLES (continued) Page 33 Planned
Page 35: XXXV TABLES (continued) 68 Exports
Page 38 and 39: II century, notably the Open Door P
Page 40 and 41: IV earth in Liberia. It had been th
Page 42 and 43: VI Tubman was very well aware of th
Page 44 and 45: VIII MAP 1
Page 46 and 47: exporters. It has attracted more th
Page 48 and 49: XII the more so, since no comprehen
Page 50 and 51: XIV development of rural Liberia, i
Page 52 and 53:
XVI Firestone's financial contribut
Page 54 and 55:
XVIII officer who had served in Lib
Page 56 and 57:
XX Chapter 11 pays attention to one
Page 59 and 60:
CHAPTER 1 THE PEPPER COAST BEFORE 1
Page 61 and 62:
-3- "Malagueta Coast" or "Pepper Co
Page 63 and 64:
-5- embarrassment towards a (growin
Page 65 and 66:
in honor of the 5th President of th
Page 67 and 68:
Numerous colonists from the U.S.A.
Page 69 and 70:
-11- Figure 1
Page 71 and 72:
-13- The'vicious circle started wit
Page 73 and 74:
-15- the other - to the disadvantag
Page 75 and 76:
-17- Of the colonists notably the A
Page 77 and 78:
-19- The closing of the Door: The E
Page 79 and 80:
-21- Consequently, both tribal peop
Page 81 and 82:
The Roye Administration -23- The te
Page 83 and 84:
-25- He also wanted the general edu
Page 85 and 86:
-27- territory Liberia claimed by E
Page 87 and 88:
m -29- The commission created in 18
Page 89 and 90:
-31- re-activating the first conces
Page 91 and 92:
-33- European. Its expense paid Ly
Page 93 and 94:
-35- Treasury and an unfavourable e
Page 95 and 96:
-37- their salaries. The resulting
Page 97 and 98:
-39- Therefore President Howard of
Page 99 and 100:
j -41- :j % One of the recommendati
Page 101 and 102:
-43- twentieth century the Presiden
Page 103 and 104:
-45- The British and French absence
Page 105 and 106:
-47- In December 1923 the first mis
Page 107 and 108:
-49- and he proposed the constructi
Page 109 and 110:
-51- itself, upon acceptance of the
Page 111 and 112:
-53- equal to 4 per cent of the cou
Page 113 and 114:
-55- between the U.S.A. and Liberia
Page 115 and 116:
-57- Government of Liberia agreed w
Page 117 and 118:
-59- The expansion of the governmen
Page 119 and 120:
-61- Another disagreement arose ove
Page 121 and 122:
] -63- J Notes: ? : :i (1) Fireston
Page 123 and 124:
-65- question had never been adequa
Page 125 and 126:
-67- had varied from $ 8 million to
Page 127 and 128:
-69- In order to protect the new co
Page 129 and 130:
-71- capacity of 55,000 tyres, requ
Page 131 and 132:
J -73j :i quantities of dry rubber
Page 133 and 134:
-75- The charge of 3.44 cents per p
Page 135 and 136:
-77- Finance in the 1970's, but owi
Page 137 and 138:
-79- Planting Agreement was in Akro
Page 139 and 140:
-81- on the basis of competitive pr
Page 141 and 142:
-83- with the 7iresione Plantation
Page 143 and 144:
-85- 1. Organization of a national
Page 145 and 146:
-87- However, before he could reali
Page 147 and 148:
-89- operation of the plantation. T
Page 149 and 150:
j -91- i have taxed the portion of
Page 151 and 152:
-93- in 1947, but also entrusted hi
Page 153 and 154:
-95- company's main interest is no
Page 155 and 156:
-97- poration for the period 1963 -
Page 157 and 158:
-99- TABLE 4 LIBERIA COMPANY'S DIVI
Page 159 and 160:
-101- 6 cents per acre had to be pa
Page 161 and 162:
The Port near Greenville -103- Afte
Page 163 and 164:
-105- rubber. Little is known of th
Page 165 and 166:
-107- the management of the company
Page 167 and 168:
j -109- } S taxes or imposts of any
Page 169 and 170:
-111- The concession agreement, wit
Page 171 and 172:
-113- concluded with other foreign
Page 173 and 174:
-115- which is owned by a political
Page 175 and 176:
-117- owners of the concession. The
Page 177 and 178:
-119- eleven persons were: Vice-Pre
Page 179 and 180:
-121- tain rights in cooperation wi
Page 181 and 182:
-123- It is significant that despit
Page 183 and 184:
-125- scribed above., providing suc
Page 185 and 186:
-127- materials, the rights of the
Page 187 and 188:
-129- the possibilities offered by
Page 189 and 190:
I -131- sion, and sales to affiliat
Page 191 and 192:
-133- concession area of 100,000 ac
Page 193 and 194:
-135- such payments out of profit,"
Page 195 and 196:
-137- tually all of these companies
Page 197 and 198:
-139- The 1898 concession agreement
Page 199 and 200:
-141- Normann, from England, which
Page 201 and 202:
-143- to the English "Providence Mi
Page 203 and 204:
-145- the company had in previous y
Page 205 and 206:
-147- of "Globex Minerals (inc.)",
Page 207 and 208:
-149- the excess acreage (38) does
Page 209 and 210:
-151- old Tchien and Gbaepo Distric
Page 211 and 212:
-153- only two of them referred to
Page 213 and 214:
-155- not provide for a price of go
Page 215 and 216:
-157- Meanwhile, the exploration ac
Page 217 and 218:
-159- The excessively liberal terms
Page 219 and 220:
-161- a concession for gold, diamon
Page 221 and 222:
-163- difficulties which had to be
Page 223 and 224:
-165- of 50? and which was of direc
Page 225 and 226:
-167- The concessionaire became exe
Page 227 and 228:
-169- These statements of the two s
Page 229 and 230:
-171- Note that until i960 L.M.C.'s
Page 231 and 232:
-173- salaries to ex-patriate perso
Page 233 and 234:
-175- the - increased - capacity of
Page 235 and 236:
-177- '••:] Sales Agreement bet
Page 237 and 238:
-179- On January 3, 1963 a Memorand
Page 239 and 240:
-181- L.M.C. would have acted in co
Page 241 and 242:
-183- area described as the Bea Mou
Page 243 and 244:
-185- Agreement signed by represent
Page 245 and 246:
-187- geologists, economists and la
Page 247 and 248:
CHRONOLOGY SUMMARIZED HISTORY OF L.
Page 249 and 250:
-191- N.I.O.C. dated January 1, 196
Page 251 and 252:
Year 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
Page 253 and 254:
-195- for further details of the 19
Page 255 and 256:
-197- soon demonstrated by the call
Page 257 and 258:
-199- of 3.2 million long tons in a
Page 259 and 260:
-201- TABLE 10 FINANCIAL OBLIGATION
Page 261 and 262:
-203- achievements were made in spi
Page 263 and 264:
-205- After the change of the name
Page 265 and 266:
-207- to concentrate on the new fin
Page 267 and 268:
-209- one steel factory, in the cou
Page 269 and 270:
-211- The Liberian Government owns
Page 271 and 272:
-213- 1952, legal ownership of abou
Page 273 and 274:
-215- Th is second part of the conc
Page 275 and 276:
-217- one of its sixteen Swedish su
Page 277 and 278:
-219- For these services G.I.M. is
Page 279 and 280:
-221- Prior to 1974 fifty per cent
Page 281 and 282:
-223- depreciation of (capital) equ
Page 283 and 284:
-225- of the revision of the 1960 M
Page 285 and 286:
i -227- 3 prescribing such a review
Page 287 and 288:
-229- But now, having accepted bein
Page 289 and 290:
-231- As a result of this review in
Page 291 and 292:
-233- TABLE 14 FINANCIAL COSTS OF C
Page 293 and 294:
DELIMCO/B.M.C. -235- Long-standing
Page 295 and 296:
-237- equity participation (unlike
Page 297 and 298:
Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Page 299 and 300:
-241- these funds to B.M.C. in the
Page 301 and 302:
-243- negotiations which were held
Page 303 and 304:
-245- S ources: - "Technical Inform
Page 305 and 306:
-247- Prices of sales to affiliated
Page 307 and 308:
S ource: -249- TABLE 17 INVESTMENTS
Page 309 and 310:
-251- due time a mining concession
Page 311 and 312:
-253- The 1967 concession agreement
Page 313 and 314:
-255- Changes of the concession agr
Page 315 and 316:
-257- Some reasons why the Wologisi
Page 317 and 318:
-259- CHAPTER 9 THE FORESTRY SECTOR
Page 319 and 320:
-261- Surveys of Liberia's Forest P
Page 321 and 322:
-263- (see below) repealed the port
Page 323 and 324:
-265- were authorized to issue perm
Page 325 and 326:
-267- TABLE 18 LIBERIA'S NATIONAL F
Page 327 and 328:
-269- The Forestry Development Auth
Page 329 and 330:
-271- TABLE 19 TIMBER CONCESSIONS G
Page 331 and 332:
-273- TABLE 20 PRODUCTION OF TIMBER
Page 333 and 334:
-275- Souree: - Annual Report, Depa
Page 335 and 336:
-277- Attempts To Establish A Natio
Page 337 and 338:
YEAR 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Page 339 and 340:
-281- As a consequence the export v
Page 341 and 342:
-283- December 31, 1977 Liberia lev
Page 343 and 344:
Botanical Name Category 1 Ent, cyli
Page 345 and 346:
-287- these 33 companies; year of s
Page 347 and 348:
-289- were also the principal share
Page 349 and 350:
-291- alleged corruption involving
Page 351 and 352:
-293- It is important to note here
Page 353 and 354:
CHAPTER 10 -295- FISCAL PERFORMANCE
Page 355 and 356:
-297- expenditures in the period pr
Page 357 and 358:
-299- In these years the debt servi
Page 359 and 360:
-301- TABLE 28-A COMPARATIVE STATEM
Page 361 and 362:
-303- the second half of the 1930's
Page 363 and 364:
-305- first to benefit from this U.
Page 365 and 366:
M -307- •' \ •:i TABLE 30 fSS]
Page 367 and 368:
-309- Government Revenues 1941 - 19
Page 369 and 370:
TABLE 31-B MAIN SOURCES OF DOMESTIC
Page 371 and 372:
-313- situation renders the Treasur
Page 373 and 374:
-315- The trend of public expenditu
Page 375 and 376:
-317- •• \ During the 1950 's t
Page 377 and 378:
-319- $ 117 million were due for re
Page 379 and 380:
-321- In 1943 Liberia and the U.S.A
Page 381 and 382:
Sector -323- TABLE 33 PLANNED EXPEN
Page 383 and 384:
Type of Assistance I. Economic Asst
Page 385 and 386:
THE 1963 - 1978 PERIOD Revenue Perf
Page 387 and 388:
Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
Page 389 and 390:
Year 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
Page 391 and 392:
1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
Page 393 and 394:
-335- of the Ministry of Finance wh
Page 395 and 396:
-337- Development Planning and Expe
Page 397 and 398:
1.1 Agriculture 2.1 Rural Roads 2.2
Page 399 and 400:
-341- The Plan which was approved b
Page 401 and 402:
-343- "Uhile the performance of the
Page 403 and 404:
-345- TABLE 43 PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
Page 405 and 406:
-347- The unenvisaged expenditures
Page 407 and 408:
-349- Under the revised Plan total
Page 409 and 410:
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
Page 411 and 412:
Note: (1) Preliminary figures. Auth
Page 413 and 414:
-355- Bushrod Island; a new bridge
Page 415 and 416:
-357- TABLE 51 U.H. ASSISTANCE TO L
Page 417 and 418:
-359- happened in a haphazard way.
Page 419 and 420:
-361- The (investment) activities o
Page 421 and 422:
-363- '••] the most organized a
Page 423 and 424:
-365- exploited this situation by s
Page 425 and 426:
-367- all offered staff positions o
Page 427 and 428:
-369- allied to the Tolbert clan bu
Page 429 and 430:
-371- history, secrets and traditio
Page 431 and 432:
-373- At the time of the arrival of
Page 433 and 434:
-375- The very few books which inde
Page 435 and 436:
GOVERNMENT. MISSION. PRIVATE. TRIBA
Page 437 and 438:
-379- TABLE 54 1962 POPULATION AND
Page 439 and 440:
-381- about 19,000 were between 5 a
Page 441 and 442:
-383- Liberia College in 1862. Elem
Page 443 and 444:
-385- mark of 70$. This shocking an
Page 445 and 446:
-387- The 1978 National Education S
Page 447 and 448:
-389- TABLE 58-B SCHOOL ATTENDING P
Page 449 and 450:
-391- TABLE 60 A. NUMBER OF STUDENT
Page 451 and 452:
-393- It seems likely that the rela
Page 453 and 454:
-395- Author's research based on th
Page 455 and 456:
CHAPTER 12 -397- TRANSPORTATION AND
Page 457 and 458:
-399- It thus facilitated the immed
Page 459 and 460:
-401- how many people were employed
Page 461 and 462:
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COUNTY
Page 463 and 464:
-405- in Liberia was owned, finance
Page 465 and 466:
-407- TABLE 65 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIV
Page 467 and 468:
-409- were politically well covered
Page 469 and 470:
-411- railroad which, with the exce
Page 471 and 472:
-413- the concession sector (LAMCO)
Page 473 and 474:
-415- 5 seater twin-engined Cessna
Page 475 and 476:
-417- Besides, this segment of the
Page 477 and 478:
-419- The telecommunication relay s
Page 479 and 480:
-421- with Germany and hence affect
Page 481 and 482:
-423- :: The 1960 - 1979 Period j F
Page 483 and 484:
-425- with Sierra Leone is less tha
Page 485 and 486:
-427- alarming (see Chapter 10), th
Page 487 and 488:
-429- structural changes and the de
Page 489 and 490:
-431- from roughly one third in 197
Page 491 and 492:
-433- by Fouad Khalifa, a Lebanese,
Page 493 and 494:
-435- The Government indebted itsel
Page 495 and 496:
-437- a very large part of G.D.P. i
Page 497 and 498:
-439- to the distribution of power,
Page 499 and 500:
-441- heard. As early as 1830, but
Page 501 and 502:
-U3- was wrongly thought in those d
Page 503 and 504:
-445- 1962. In the 1950's the triba
Page 505 and 506:
-447- Tubman Estate (66). Interesti
Page 507 and 508:
-449- National Legislature, This de
Page 509 and 510:
-451- The creation of state owned c
Page 511 and 512:
-453- respect to foreign concession
Page 513 and 514:
-455- II. The Government of Liberia
Page 515 and 516:
-457- Most notable among these clau
Page 517 and 518:
-459- ADDENDUM On April 12, 1980, a
Page 519:
ISBN 3-88299-040-6 ISSN 0344-4317
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