Culture and Privilege in Capitalist Asia - Jurusan Antropologi ...

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A.B.SHAMSUL 111 Stivens, Maila (1994) ‘Gender and Modernity in Malaysia’, in Alberto Gomes (ed.), Modernity and Identity: Asian Illustrations, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University Press. (1995a) ‘The Gendering of the New Malay Middle Class’, a working paper presented at the conference on ‘Sex and Power in Affluent Asia’, 13 February 1995, Murdoch University, Australia. (1995b) ‘The New Malay? Who is She? Gender, Class and Nation in Middle-Class Malaysia’, a paper for the Inaugural Conference of European Association of Southeast Asian Studies, 1—3 July, Amsterdam. (1996) Modernity and Matriliny: Sexual Politics and Social Change in Rural Malaysia, Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ––, Ng, C. and Jomo, K.S. (1994) Malay Peasant Women and Land, London: Zed. Strauch, Judith (1981) Chinese Village Politics in the Malaysian State, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sweeney, Amin (1987) A Full Hearing: Orality and Literacy in the Malay World, Berkeley: University of California Press. Swift, Michael (1965) Malay Peasant Society in Jelebu, London: Athlone. Tan Leok Ee (1988) The Rhetoric of Bangsa and Minzu: Community and Nation in Tension on the Malayan Peninsula, 1945—1957, working paper no. 52, Melbourne: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University. Tanaka, Stefan (1993) Japan’s Orient: Rendering Pasts into History, Berkeley: University of California Press. Tham Seong Chee (1973a) ‘Child Rearing in the Malay Business Family’, Journal of Southern Seas Society, 28(1—2):12—23. ––(1973b) ‘Ideology, Politics and Economic Modernization: The Case of the Malays in Malaysia’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 1(1):41—59. ––(1977) Malays and Modernization, Singapore: Singapore University Press. Ting Chew Peh (1987) Hubungan Ras dan Etnik: Suatu Pengantar, Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Dimensi. Ungku A.Aziz (1951) Some Aspects of the Malayan Rural Economy Related to Measures for Mobilising Rural Savings, Bangkok: ECAFE, paper E/CN. II/I. ––(1975) ‘Footprints on the Sands of Time: The Malay Poverty Concept over 50 years, from Za’ba to Aziz and the Second Malaysia Plan’, in Stephen Chee and Khoo Siew Mun (eds), Malaysian Economic Development and Policies, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Economic Association. Van der Kroef, J. (1956) ‘Entreprenuer and the Middle Class’, in J.Van der Kroef, Indonesia in the Modern World, Bandung: Masa Baru. Wazir Karim (1990) Women and Culture: Between Malay Adat and Islam, Boulder, CO: Westview. Zainah Anwar (1987) Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia: Dakwah among the Students, Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk. Zawawi Ibrahim (1978) ‘A Malay Proletariat: The Emergence of Class Relations on a Malay Plantation’, PhD thesis, Monash University, Australia.
4 The contribution of a Japanese firm to the cultural construction of the new rich in Malaysia Wendy A.Smith INTRODUCTION Over the two decades before the currency crisis of late 1997, Malaysia experienced rapid industrialisation and increased prosperity. This was achieved through the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1971—90, and particularly through Prime Minister Mahathir’s successful repositioning of the economy from an agricultural to a manufacturing orientation, relying on high levels of foreign investment, especially from Japan. These factors were effectively combined under Mahathir’s Look East Policy (LEP) of 1981, which gave even more emphasis to the importance of Japan in Malaysia’s economic development, and enhanced the NEP in its decisive role in shaping the social and cultural character of Malaysia’s new rich. Principally through its ‘social engineering’ strategy favouring the Malays (bumiputera), the NEP fostered the creation of a large new middle class and waged working class, both of whom constitute Malaysia’s ‘new rich’. 1 In part, this process centred on high levels of Japanese investment which created many positions for professional managers, technicians and process workers in the new factories. The transplant of Japanese work ethics and systems of management, with associated training and exchange programmes, also influenced people’s mentalities and life strategies. Finally, the predominance of Japanese consumer goods had great impact in the sphere of consumption and lifestyles (Smith 1994b). In this chapter I will focus on the cultural construction of new rich Malays. In Malaysia’s multi-ethnic society–comprising the indigenous Malay majority and ethnic Chinese and Indians of immigrant ancestry–industrialisation has had its greatest effect on the Malay population, particularly on those of peasant origin. They have experienced substantial increases in income; especially those who entered the growing urban middle class or the urban proletariat through opportunities generated by the NEP. While the Malay new rich share an increasing preoccupation with the status attributes and lifestyles of global consumerism, other important factors particular to the Malays, such as fundamentalist Islam, also contribute to their social identity and consciousness. The expansion of the Malay new middle class was aided by the active support and participation of existing members of the Chinese and Indian middle class. 2 In
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Culture and Privilege in Capitalist
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Culture and Privilege in Capitalist
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Contents Tables vii Notes on contri
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Tables 5.1 Average proportion of ex
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James Ockey is a Senior Lecturer in
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developed through a series of statu
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legitimate wealth. Anti-Chinese sen
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and indigenous Filipino values. The
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1 Cultural relations, class and the
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CULTURAL RELATIONS AND THE NEW RICH
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2 Consumption, social differentiati
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KEN YOUNG 59 doubt on their commitm
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Page 84 and 85: KEN YOUNG 67 of the Malay and India
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Page 92 and 93: KEN YOUNG 75 neighbourhood and work
Page 94 and 95: KEN YOUNG 77 upmarket development o
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Page 100 and 101: KEN YOUNG 83 --(1996b) ‘All the R
Page 102 and 103: KEN YOUNG 85 Mahathir bin Mohamad (
Page 104 and 105: 3 From Orang Kaya Baru to Melayu Ba
Page 106 and 107: A.B.SHAMSUL 89 THE MALAY NEW RIGH:
Page 108 and 109: A.B.SHAMSUL 91 It could be said tha
Page 110 and 111: A.B.SHAMSUL 93 to the second ‘the
Page 112 and 113: A.B.SHAMSUL 95 people as Abdullah M
Page 114 and 115: A.B.SHAMSUL 97 marginalised by colo
Page 116 and 117: A.B.SHAMSUL 99 leap’, to become r
Page 118 and 119: A.B.SHAMSUL 101 capitalistic/econom
Page 120 and 121: A.B.SHAMSUL 103 Most of them have b
Page 122 and 123: A.B.SHAMSUL 105 When the Malay nati
Page 124 and 125: Education Act in 1996, allowing for
Page 126 and 127: A.B.SHAMSUL 109 Kua Kia Soong (1981
Page 130 and 131: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 113 Mal
Page 132 and 133: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 115 aff
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Page 136 and 137: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 119 cou
Page 138 and 139: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 121 emp
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Page 142 and 143: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 125 Rid
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Page 146 and 147: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 129 man
Page 148 and 149: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 131 fin
Page 150 and 151: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 133 clu
Page 152 and 153: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 135 cir
Page 154 and 155: A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 137 Kes
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IDENTITY POLITICS OF INDONESIA’S
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7 The new rich and cultural tension
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HANS ANTLÖV 191 growing population
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HANS ANTLÖV 193 state-based offici
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HANS ANTLÖV 195 wonder how he can
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HANS ANTLÖV 197 Chinese-run fashio
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HANS ANTLÖV 199 order for Indonesi
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HANS ANTLÖV 201 regulating’ (Sul
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HANS ANTLÖV 203 cosmopolitan Bandu
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HANS ANTLÖV 205 community in which
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modernity without at the same time
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8 How a revolution becomes a dinner
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CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 211 activity. A
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Table 8.1 Occupational class classi
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CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 215 Table 8.2 A
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Table 8.3 Inflow and outflow table
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CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 219 entrepreneu
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Table 8.4 Distribution of friendshi
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CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 223 individuals
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CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 225 REPUTATION,
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CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 227 I’m happy
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the ‘new rich’ in Beijing is an
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9 Creating the Thai middle class Ji
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JIM OCKEY 233 made up, then, largel
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JIM OCKEY 235 justified…[This str
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Table 9.2 Occupations ranked by sta
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JIM OCKEY 239 Other scholarship, wh
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JIM OCKEY 241 Political Science at
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growth (Bangkok Post, 3 January 199
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JIM OCKEY 245 tentatively question
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democracy by associating it with a
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cent of the demonstrators made less
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JIM OCKEY 251 Teeranat Karnjana-uks
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 253 is
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 255 19
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 257 By
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 259 Th
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 261 no
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 263 In
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 265 Th
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 267 re
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 269 th
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 271 te
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16 Refer to Greenough for an intere
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INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 275 Hi
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11 Entrepreneurship, consumption, e
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THE MAKING OF THE PHILIPINES’ NEW
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Chai-anan Samudavanija 233 Chakrava
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Harry, F. 170 Hart, G. 195 Hartono,
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McDonald’s 169, 262 Mackie, J.A.C
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Rudner, M. 90 Rudolph, L.I. and Rud
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wages: seniority principle in 116,
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