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Table 9.2 Occupations ranked by status Source: Adapted from Suphawong (1991: tables 4, 5, ranked by urban response). JIM OCKEY 237 Chinese traditional medicine shop, the police officer and the soldier are all ‘middle class’ under various definitions, yet they have little in common. As we have seen, ‘the middle class’, defined structurally, is not truly new; rather, it was defined out of existence during the 1950s and 1960s. The emergence of the new rich was so striking that later writers could no longer ignore what they
238 CREATING THE THAI MIDDLE CLASS now saw as ‘the middle class’. Since this growth occurred during a period of political change, it was rather simple to attribute all the change to this ‘new’ group, despite the analytical dubiousness of conflating the various constructs noted above. Nevertheless, descriptions of ‘the middle class’, and the identification of times when it has ‘acted’ politically, have become the basis for the dominant discursive construction of the middle class: as a force for democratic change. CONSTRUCTING THE POLITICAL MIDDLE CLASS The first of political ‘action’ of the newly identified middle class, attributed to it in retrospect, was the 1973 uprising that overthrew the military dictatorship and installed democratic rule. The uprising was student-led, but soon came to include people of all classes. The events of 1973 demonstrated that concerted action could overthrow an unpopular government. New leaders emerged, leaders willing to work to induce change. This group has become the conscience of the ‘political middle class’, and has contributed heavily to its construction. That the 1973 uprising has been identified in academic discourse as the beginning of middle-class political activity does not mean that it actually was a middle-class uprising. Only in retrospect was this construction of events gradually created. Originally, the demonstrations were credited to the public in general, and students in particular. ‘Through the leadership of the country’s youth, a mighty force had congealed and made itself evident–people power’ (Theh Chongkhadikij, Bangkok Post, cited in Zimmerman 1974:515). Scholars followed this characterisation, attributing the uprising to students and ‘the people’, ‘people from all walks of life’ and ‘members of the public’ (Withayakan 1993:77; Heinze 1974: 498; Race 1974:198). Among the first to describe the 1973 uprising in middle-class terms was Benedict Anderson (1977). Anderson began by describing the changes in class structure that resulted from the expansion of the economy in the 1960s. This created a ‘new petty bourgeoisie’, the new rich, responsible for the success of the uprising: There is no doubt the new bourgeois strata contributed decisively to the huge new crowds that came out in support of students’ and intellectuals’ demands… Indeed, it can be argued that these strata ensured the success of the demonstrations–had the crowds been composed of slum-dwellers rather than generally well-dressed urbanites, the dictators might have won fuller support for their repression. (1977:18) Likhit Dhiravegin (1985) of Thammasat University wrote a similar article, describing the development of ‘the middle class’ during the 1960s, and attributing the events of the 1970s to its new-found participation in politics. This argument is still dominant in Thai intellectual discourse.
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Culture and Privilege in Capitalist
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Culture and Privilege in Capitalist
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Contents Tables vii Notes on contri
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Tables 5.1 Average proportion of ex
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James Ockey is a Senior Lecturer in
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developed through a series of statu
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legitimate wealth. Anti-Chinese sen
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and indigenous Filipino values. The
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1 Cultural relations, class and the
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CULTURAL RELATIONS AND THE NEW RICH
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2 Consumption, social differentiati
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KEN YOUNG 59 doubt on their commitm
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sharp contrast to the culture of th
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KEN YOUNG 63 Singapore, which might
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KEN YOUNG 65 Government responses,
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KEN YOUNG 67 of the Malay and India
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KEN YOUNG 69 survey in The Nation 1
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KEN YOUNG 71 happening in these pla
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KEN YOUNG 73 in the context of soci
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KEN YOUNG 75 neighbourhood and work
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KEN YOUNG 77 upmarket development o
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environment of greater wealth and u
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upmarket boutiques in Singapore are
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KEN YOUNG 83 --(1996b) ‘All the R
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KEN YOUNG 85 Mahathir bin Mohamad (
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3 From Orang Kaya Baru to Melayu Ba
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A.B.SHAMSUL 89 THE MALAY NEW RIGH:
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A.B.SHAMSUL 91 It could be said tha
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A.B.SHAMSUL 93 to the second ‘the
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A.B.SHAMSUL 95 people as Abdullah M
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A.B.SHAMSUL 97 marginalised by colo
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A.B.SHAMSUL 99 leap’, to become r
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A.B.SHAMSUL 101 capitalistic/econom
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A.B.SHAMSUL 103 Most of them have b
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A.B.SHAMSUL 105 When the Malay nati
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Education Act in 1996, allowing for
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A.B.SHAMSUL 109 Kua Kia Soong (1981
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A.B.SHAMSUL 111 Stivens, Maila (199
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 113 Mal
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 115 aff
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 117 to
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 119 cou
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 121 emp
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 123 to
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 125 Rid
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 127 sid
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 129 man
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 131 fin
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 133 clu
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 135 cir
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A JAPANESE FIRM IN MALAYSIA 137 Kes
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SINGAPORE AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS
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Table 5.5 Distribution of resident
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IDENTITY POLITICS OF INDONESIA’S
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Page 204 and 205: IDENTITY POLITICS OF INDONESIA’S
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Page 208 and 209: HANS ANTLÖV 191 growing population
Page 210 and 211: HANS ANTLÖV 193 state-based offici
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Page 214 and 215: HANS ANTLÖV 197 Chinese-run fashio
Page 216 and 217: HANS ANTLÖV 199 order for Indonesi
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Page 220 and 221: HANS ANTLÖV 203 cosmopolitan Bandu
Page 222 and 223: HANS ANTLÖV 205 community in which
Page 224 and 225: modernity without at the same time
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Page 228 and 229: CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 211 activity. A
Page 230 and 231: Table 8.1 Occupational class classi
Page 232 and 233: CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 215 Table 8.2 A
Page 234 and 235: Table 8.3 Inflow and outflow table
Page 236 and 237: CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 219 entrepreneu
Page 238 and 239: Table 8.4 Distribution of friendshi
Page 240 and 241: CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 223 individuals
Page 242 and 243: CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 225 REPUTATION,
Page 244 and 245: CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY 227 I’m happy
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Page 248 and 249: 9 Creating the Thai middle class Ji
Page 250 and 251: JIM OCKEY 233 made up, then, largel
Page 252 and 253: JIM OCKEY 235 justified…[This str
Page 256 and 257: JIM OCKEY 239 Other scholarship, wh
Page 258 and 259: JIM OCKEY 241 Political Science at
Page 260 and 261: growth (Bangkok Post, 3 January 199
Page 262 and 263: JIM OCKEY 245 tentatively question
Page 264 and 265: democracy by associating it with a
Page 266 and 267: cent of the demonstrators made less
Page 268 and 269: JIM OCKEY 251 Teeranat Karnjana-uks
Page 270 and 271: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 253 is
Page 272 and 273: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 255 19
Page 274 and 275: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 257 By
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Page 278 and 279: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 261 no
Page 280 and 281: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 263 In
Page 282 and 283: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 265 Th
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Page 286 and 287: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 269 th
Page 288 and 289: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 271 te
Page 290 and 291: 16 Refer to Greenough for an intere
Page 292 and 293: INDIAN MIDDLE-CLASS IDENTITY 275 Hi
Page 294 and 295: 11 Entrepreneurship, consumption, e
Page 296 and 297: THE MAKING OF THE PHILIPINES’ NEW
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THE MAKING OF THE PHILIPINES’ NEW
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Chai-anan Samudavanija 233 Chakrava
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Harry, F. 170 Hart, G. 195 Hartono,
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McDonald’s 169, 262 Mackie, J.A.C
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Rudner, M. 90 Rudolph, L.I. and Rud
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wages: seniority principle in 116,
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