Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...

latent variable determines the observed score. The test-retest reliability result is shown in
Pretest Two (Table 6.5)
The 67 items were evaluated on a five-point Likert type scale. A key issue in using the
Likert-type scale is to generate sufficient variance among respondents for subsequent
statistical analysis (Hinkin, 1995). The reliability of responses increases steadily from a 2-
point scale to a 5-point scale (Lissitz and Green, 1975, cited in Hinkin, 1995) then levels off.
Therefore, a 5-point scale is more appropriate to generate sufficient variance of response. An
additional column (uncertain) was added that asked participants to ‘tick’ if they were
uncertain about particular item(s) thus minimizing the social desirability response, as
suggested by Worcester and Burns (1975) and Garland (1991).
6.3.1: Pre Test One - Item Generation
The data from the focus groups sessions is the main source for item generation. Responses to
workbook and focus group transcripts were entered into Microsoft Word as a rich text file
and then imported into Nvivo version 9.0. The method of analysis of the data follows the
procedure set by Coffey and Atkinson (1996), that is, generation of codes derived from data,
frequent revisions of the coding, grouping of the codes and the development of categories and
finally the development of themes from the data. To maintain process rigour, the data was
coded into nodes and then trees by one researcher and verified by a second researcher. The
types of themes identified are listed in Exhibit 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. Initial coding classified the
themes and generated items. The transcribed content that supports each of the payment mode
associations and forms the basis for the items is shown in Exhibits 5.8.
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