Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...

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11 Medicine & wellness/ K First aid, pain relief, sports & weight management, health supplements 12 Miscellaneous Items that do not qualify for any specific category (e.g. sewing needles) 13 Pet care Dog food, cat food, pet accessories The product categories from a major super market online portal were used to establish these coding classifications (see http://www.foodtown.co.nz/). A second data set comprised the responses to the PMP scale and demographic information. To identify the participants who normally use each payment mode, an item on the PMP scale, I normally use cash to pay for my day to day purchases, was used to identify the cash and card preference, All respondents who noted (1) I agree and (5) I disagree, were identified and separated to enable comparison. Preliminary analysis involved descriptive statistics and purchase behaviour across the payment modes was examined via an Analysis of variance, (ANOVA). To determine if there is a relationship between payment mode perceptions and payment mode choice, factor and item means were compared via an independent means t-test. The factors that are widely understood to affect external validity are sample selection, pretesting, research setting and multiple treatments on the same sample. In this study pretesting effects was avoided by using different samples for the pilot study and scale testing. The study avoided some of the issues, but not all related to research task influence. Participants were not given full details of the research, however the supply of a shopping receipt that would be scrutinised may have influenced their shopping behaviour, even though anonymity was guaranteed. The narrowness of the identified population and its coupling with purposeful sampling together preclude generalisation. 4.7: Summary This chapter outlines and justifies the approach taken in developing the research design and describes the rationale for and the procedures used to obtain the final sample selected. It sets out the data collection modes and analytic approaches adopted. Issues relating to reliability and validity are discussed and procedures designed to minimise these are described. 55
There are two major validity threats with qualitative research: researcher bias and interviewee reactivity; that is ‘what the informant says is always influenced by the interviewer and the interview situation’ (Maxwell, 2005, p.109). Addressing reliability and validity issues in qualitative research is complex in that the purpose and type of data do not lend themselves to the tests normally associated with reliability and validity issues in quantitative studies (see Wallendorf & Belk, 1989; Winter, 2000). This research takes into account Guba and Lincoln’s (1988) four criteria for judging –soundness of qualitative research and explicitly offered these as an alternative to more traditional quantitatively-oriented criteria: credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. For this study, these have been addressed by clear statements of task, participant type and participant selection; detailed reporting of procedures; transcriptions were done by independent transcribers. The study includes multiple coders and participant verification to minimise interpretation bias ‘respondent validation’ or ‘member checking’ was carried out (Maxwell, 2005:110; Creswell and Clarke, 2007). This was managed by having participants check and approve whether the findings accurately reflect their experience. 56
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Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions
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Chapter Four: Research Design and M
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List of Figures Figure 6.1 Sree Plo
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List of Tables Table 6.1. Explorato
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Acknowledgement The research idea i
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Abstract This study examines the co
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the payment mode selected impacts o
Page 15 and 16: Identifying the exact origin of anc
Page 17 and 18: 1.5: Study Locus and Context The av
Page 19 and 20: compare participants normal or pref
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 provides a critical revie
Page 23 and 24: 2.2: The Emergence of the Money Con
Page 25 and 26: commodity (bullion) and issued the
Page 27 and 28: 2.5: Payment Mode and Purchase Beha
Page 29 and 30: and Belmont (1996) found that resta
Page 31 and 32: Households’ Spending’ run by th
Page 33 and 34: students (n=37) were also asked to
Page 35 and 36: enefit of consumption and the assoc
Page 37 and 38: associated with the purchase of ple
Page 39 and 40: A number of explanations for how pa
Page 41 and 42: 2.6.5: Summary As this review of th
Page 43 and 44: Questions one and two are based on
Page 45 and 46: and label" events and occurrences,
Page 47 and 48: Thaler (1998) asserts that mental a
Page 49 and 50: If this is so then it is the transp
Page 51 and 52: The Chapter contends that the payme
Page 53 and 54: In this chapter, the methodology fo
Page 55 and 56: solid data, the issue of generalisa
Page 57 and 58: the experience. To do this requires
Page 59 and 60: as participants managed to link the
Page 61 and 62: 4.4.2: Participant Selection There
Page 63 and 64: were initially examined via a test-
Page 65: set, in addition to the payment mod
Page 69 and 70: The Chapter commences by describing
Page 71 and 72: of all three projective tests. A fu
Page 73 and 74: However the negative thoughts diffe
Page 75 and 76: cold. It seems that money in the de
Page 77 and 78: thought the shoe (that was linked t
Page 79 and 80: Exhibit 5.6: Summary of findings $2
Page 81 and 82: denominations ($5, $10). On the oth
Page 83 and 84: Emotions (see Exhibit 5.7g) The mos
Page 85 and 86: � It is just when I can hear coin
Page 87 and 88: � I don’t feel that when I see
Page 89 and 90: Exhibit 5.7 (c) LIQUIDITY � if I
Page 91 and 92: Exhibit 5.8. Quotes for PMP Scale.
Page 93 and 94: 82 Using cash to pay for purchases
Page 95 and 96: 84 Using a debit card to pay for tr
Page 97 and 98: ` 86 If I had a $20 note in my wall
Page 99 and 100: 88 Chapter Six Development and Vali
Page 101 and 102: latent variable determines the obse
Page 103 and 104: oot (sqrt) was applied to normalize
Page 105 and 106: Exploratory Factor Analysis reveale
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 6.2: Inter-Item and Item-t
Page 109 and 110: 98 Exhibit 6.5: 49 Item Scale in Pr
Page 111 and 112: 6.4.2: Pre-Test Two - Internal Cons
Page 113 and 114: The 45 items were examined to facto
Page 115 and 116: 6.4.4: Pre Test Two - Final Factor
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6.4.6: Assessing Construct Validity
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used to measure individual construc
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110 Exhibit 6.9: Pre-Test Items Rem
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Table 6.14: Summary of Final Result
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All dimensions (Table 6.16) show AV
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7.1: Chapter Overview 116 Chapter S
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Four product categories of househol
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Since the use of cash and debit car
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7.4.1.2: Control Group-Test Groups
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7.4.2: Proposition Two Evaluation T
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126 Table 7.8: Indulgence Food Prod
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128 Exhibit 7.2: Proposition Two: E
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130 Table 7.12: Comparisons of Fact
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Proposition Two that- where consume
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Table 7.13: Mean Item Score: Field
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Research Question One: Do the cogni
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token is used, perceptions and beha
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would spend it on something special
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8.4: Methodological Contribution Th
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144 � The priming regarding the s
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it may be prudent for governments,
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Bechara, A., & Damasio, A. (2005).
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Carruthers, B., & Babb, S. (1996).
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Dohrenwend, B. P., Itzhak Levav, P.
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Garcia-Swartz, D., Hahn, W. R., & L
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Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B
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Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content a
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Loix, E. Pepermans, R. Van Hove, L.
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Nielsen Research (2011, August) Nie
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Reimann & Bechara (2009) The somati
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Singh (2004) Impersonalisation of e
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Trent, J. & Smalley, G. (1992) The
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Zelizer, V. (1994). The social mean
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its usage. This in turn points out
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Adam Smith proposed that money is s
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During the 1950s, researchers began
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use of borrowed money. The introduc
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Appendix 2: Projective Tasks- Workb
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TASK THREE For this activity you wi
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TASK SIX Shopping experience using
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Activity Two Tick five traits/chara
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Appendix 3: Moderator Guide When pa
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important. Individual opinions and
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192 Write few sentences describing
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Appendix 5: Projective Tests- Theme
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Appendix 7: Projective Tool (Debit
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