Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...
Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...
Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...
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7.2: Data Cleansing and Preparation<br />
7.2.1: Data Cleansing<br />
One hundred and ninety two (192) shopping receipts and completed PMP questionnaires<br />
were returned. Data cleansing resulted in: 52 cash users, 66 debit card users and 63 from the<br />
control group; a total <strong>of</strong> 181 usable receipts and questionnaires.<br />
Preliminary analysis generated descriptive statistics and running statistics to check n<strong>or</strong>mality<br />
<strong>of</strong> data, missing data and outliers. N<strong>or</strong>mality is the most fundamental assumption in statistical<br />
analysis which greatly influences the validity <strong>of</strong> the results. Two points need to be<br />
considered- large sample sizes reduces the detrimental effects <strong>of</strong> non-n<strong>or</strong>mality; when group<br />
comparison is made by tests such as in ANOVA and so the researcher need not be over<br />
concerned with violations <strong>of</strong> non-n<strong>or</strong>mality.<br />
N<strong>or</strong>mality <strong>of</strong> the Demographic Data<br />
N<strong>or</strong>mality <strong>of</strong> the three demographic variables (age, education and ethnicity) is examined by<br />
testing their homoscedasticity (Hair et al., 2010). If variances are significantly unequal, the<br />
homoscedasticity assumptions are rejected, implying that the distribution <strong>of</strong> the variable is<br />
not n<strong>or</strong>mal. N<strong>or</strong>mality tests show that education and age have n<strong>or</strong>mal distribution (Levene<br />
=2.5, p>, 05/ .645, P>05). Distribution f<strong>or</strong> NZ European and Asians is also n<strong>or</strong>mal (Levene =<br />
.966, p>.05), however distribution f<strong>or</strong> NZ European and Ma<strong>or</strong>i-Pacific (labelled Pacific<br />
Island group) is not n<strong>or</strong>mal (Levene = 4.872, p