Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...

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6.3.3: Pre Test One- Internal Consistency Assessment Reliability for internal consistency is based on correlations. The internal consistency of the scale is evaluated via examining inter-item correlations, items-to-total and Cronbach alpha. According to De Vellis (2003) internal consistency reliability is the measure of homogeneity of the items within the scale. The logic is that the relationships among items are logically connected to the relationships of the items to the latent variable; therefore, high inter-item correlations suggest that items are all measuring the same thing. De Vellis (2003) and Netemeyer, et al. (2002) suggest evaluating the item-to-total correlations for internal consistency assessment. An item-total correlation test checks whether an item is consistent with the average behaviour of the other items in the scale. A Pearson’s correlation below .30 indicates low correlation. The most common test for internal consistency is Cronbach’s Alpha (Netemeyer, et al., 2003). Cortina (1993) cautioned not to apply alpha when assessing dimensionality because interrelatedness of items within a scale does not imply unidimensionality (the existence of one latent construct underlying a set of items) (Hattie, 1985). What constitutes minimum acceptable alpha level is debated, however, “a widely advocated level of adequacy for alpha is.70” (Netemeyer et al. 2003, p.58). EFA and scale reliability analysis shows that not all dimensions were equal or above 0.70 levels alpha but overall average alpha value meets the acceptance (See Table 6.2). The correlations within dimensions (positive emotions, negative emotions, control spending, status/pleasure, money as gift and behaviour/usage) show all items are correlated moderately (See Table 6.5). There is no clear guideline to what constitutes moderate inter-item correlations. For example, Robinson, Shaver, and Wrightsman (1991) advocate average inter- item correlations of .30 and Peterson (1994) ask for .31 and an overall average alpha of .80. Clark and Watson (1995) consider average inter-item correlations of .15 to .50 across construct to be acceptable. The items-to-total correlation (the correlation of the item and the sum score of the other items) show all items within dimensions are internally consistent. Correlations of less than 0.30 for item-to-total correlation are considered weak (de Vaus, 2004). The “behaviour/usage” factor shows weak correlations between the items, less than .20 and below. These items were retained at this stage because they identified payment mode perceptions. 95
96 Table 6.2: Inter-Item and Item-to-Total Correlations Positive Emotions (8) Items-to-total Q39 Q66 Q65 Q50 Q63 Q59 Q34 Q67 Q39 .661 1 Q66 .638 .425 ** 1 Q65 .652 .405 ** .674 ** 1 Q50 .628 .587 ** .319 ** .379 ** 1 Q63 .672 .419 ** .622 ** .683 ** .455 ** 1 Q59 .585 .500 ** .429 ** .329 ** .507 ** .360 ** 1 Q34 .505 .562 ** .246 ** .251 ** .467 ** .243 ** .571 ** 1 Q67 .505 .286 ** .442 ** .525 ** .330 ** .529 ** .223 ** .221 ** 1 Inter-item 0.45 0.46 0.43 0.44 0.38 0.40 0.22 Control Spending (7) Q55 Q33 Q17 Q37 Q18 Q19 Q62 Q55 .480 1 Q33 .485 .399 ** 1 Q17 .440 .339 ** .332 ** 1 Q37 .333 .228 ** .259 ** .204 ** 1 Q18 .364 .296 ** .230 ** .307 ** .097 1 Q19 .432 .272 ** .324 ** .260 ** .177 ** .284 ** 1 Q62 .271 .187 ** .180 ** .114 * .261 ** .085 .189 ** 1 Avg. inter-item 0.29 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.19 Gratification (6) Q30 Q2 Q31 Q4 Q46 Q58 Q30 .536 1 Q2 .447 0.337 1 Q31 .400 0.343 0.262 1 Q4 .406 0.308 0.319 0.217 1 Q46 .452 0.436 0.267 0.232 0.253 1 Q58 .438 0.314 0.284 0.289 0.258 0.309 1 Avg. inter-item 0.35 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.31 Negative Emotions(5) Q12 Q51 Q21 Q52 Q10 Q12 .573 1 Q51 .431 .350 ** 1 Q21 .534 .679 ** .393 ** 1 Q52 .355 .246 ** .249 ** .198 ** 1 Q10 .308 .238 ** .198 ** .147 ** .308 ** 1 Avg. inter-item .378 .267 .172 .308 Gift Mode (3) Q9 Q38 Q28 Q9 .625 1 Q38 .683 .604 ** 1 Q28 .605 .505 ** .580 ** .567** Avg. inter-item .554 .580 .567 Usage/Behaviour (3) Q57 Q56 Q20 Q57 .221 1 Q56 .045 .438 ** 1 Q20 .229 .238 ** .196 ** 1 Avg. inter-item .277 ** .194 ** .194 **
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Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions
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Chapter Four: Research Design and M
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List of Figures Figure 6.1 Sree Plo
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List of Tables Table 6.1. Explorato
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Acknowledgement The research idea i
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Abstract This study examines the co
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the payment mode selected impacts o
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Identifying the exact origin of anc
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1.5: Study Locus and Context The av
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compare participants normal or pref
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Chapter 2 provides a critical revie
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2.2: The Emergence of the Money Con
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commodity (bullion) and issued the
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2.5: Payment Mode and Purchase Beha
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and Belmont (1996) found that resta
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Households’ Spending’ run by th
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students (n=37) were also asked to
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enefit of consumption and the assoc
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associated with the purchase of ple
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A number of explanations for how pa
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2.6.5: Summary As this review of th
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Questions one and two are based on
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and label" events and occurrences,
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Thaler (1998) asserts that mental a
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If this is so then it is the transp
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The Chapter contends that the payme
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In this chapter, the methodology fo
Page 55 and 56: solid data, the issue of generalisa
Page 57 and 58: the experience. To do this requires
Page 59 and 60: as participants managed to link the
Page 61 and 62: 4.4.2: Participant Selection There
Page 63 and 64: were initially examined via a test-
Page 65 and 66: set, in addition to the payment mod
Page 67 and 68: There are two major validity threat
Page 69 and 70: The Chapter commences by describing
Page 71 and 72: of all three projective tests. A fu
Page 73 and 74: However the negative thoughts diffe
Page 75 and 76: cold. It seems that money in the de
Page 77 and 78: thought the shoe (that was linked t
Page 79 and 80: Exhibit 5.6: Summary of findings $2
Page 81 and 82: denominations ($5, $10). On the oth
Page 83 and 84: Emotions (see Exhibit 5.7g) The mos
Page 85 and 86: � It is just when I can hear coin
Page 87 and 88: � I don’t feel that when I see
Page 89 and 90: Exhibit 5.7 (c) LIQUIDITY � if I
Page 91 and 92: Exhibit 5.8. Quotes for PMP Scale.
Page 93 and 94: 82 Using cash to pay for purchases
Page 95 and 96: 84 Using a debit card to pay for tr
Page 97 and 98: ` 86 If I had a $20 note in my wall
Page 99 and 100: 88 Chapter Six Development and Vali
Page 101 and 102: latent variable determines the obse
Page 103 and 104: oot (sqrt) was applied to normalize
Page 105: Exploratory Factor Analysis reveale
Page 109 and 110: 98 Exhibit 6.5: 49 Item Scale in Pr
Page 111 and 112: 6.4.2: Pre-Test Two - Internal Cons
Page 113 and 114: The 45 items were examined to facto
Page 115 and 116: 6.4.4: Pre Test Two - Final Factor
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.6: Assessing Construct Validity
Page 119 and 120: used to measure individual construc
Page 121 and 122: 110 Exhibit 6.9: Pre-Test Items Rem
Page 123 and 124: Table 6.14: Summary of Final Result
Page 125 and 126: All dimensions (Table 6.16) show AV
Page 127 and 128: 7.1: Chapter Overview 116 Chapter S
Page 129 and 130: Four product categories of househol
Page 131 and 132: Since the use of cash and debit car
Page 133 and 134: 7.4.1.2: Control Group-Test Groups
Page 135 and 136: 7.4.2: Proposition Two Evaluation T
Page 137 and 138: 126 Table 7.8: Indulgence Food Prod
Page 139 and 140: 128 Exhibit 7.2: Proposition Two: E
Page 141 and 142: 130 Table 7.12: Comparisons of Fact
Page 143 and 144: Proposition Two that- where consume
Page 145 and 146: Table 7.13: Mean Item Score: Field
Page 147 and 148: Research Question One: Do the cogni
Page 149 and 150: token is used, perceptions and beha
Page 151 and 152: would spend it on something special
Page 153 and 154: 8.4: Methodological Contribution Th
Page 155 and 156: 144 � The priming regarding the s
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it may be prudent for governments,
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Bechara, A., & Damasio, A. (2005).
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Carruthers, B., & Babb, S. (1996).
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Dohrenwend, B. P., Itzhak Levav, P.
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Garcia-Swartz, D., Hahn, W. R., & L
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Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B
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Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content a
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Loix, E. Pepermans, R. Van Hove, L.
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Nielsen Research (2011, August) Nie
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Reimann & Bechara (2009) The somati
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Singh (2004) Impersonalisation of e
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Trent, J. & Smalley, G. (1992) The
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Zelizer, V. (1994). The social mean
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its usage. This in turn points out
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Adam Smith proposed that money is s
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During the 1950s, researchers began
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use of borrowed money. The introduc
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Appendix 2: Projective Tasks- Workb
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TASK THREE For this activity you wi
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TASK SIX Shopping experience using
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Activity Two Tick five traits/chara
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Appendix 3: Moderator Guide When pa
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important. Individual opinions and
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192 Write few sentences describing
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Appendix 5: Projective Tests- Theme
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Appendix 7: Projective Tool (Debit
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