Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...

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highest correlations were between “Positive Emotions” and “Spending Control” dimension (.419). The associated confidence interval was .76 and .88 for the highest correlation. Second, Fornell and Larcker’s (1981) discriminant validity test was conducted. This test requires examining correlations between constructs and comparing these to the square root of the AVE statistics. The average variance extracted for each construct should be greater than the squared structural path coefficient of the construct. In the present study the requirement is met for all pairs of constructs Table 6.12 clearly shows the square root of the AVE is greater than the correlations that are in the off-diagonal element, indicating acceptable discriminant validity for each constructs. The scale also demonstrates predictive validity because the standardized paths are greater than 0.2 and most of the loadings greater than 0.60 (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). Using this as a guide, the Perceptions of Payment Mode (PMP) measure is satisfactory in terms of its productiveness. 109 Table 6.13: Pre Test -Two -Discriminant Validity Positive Money Mentally Usage/ Gift Gratific Negative Emotions Management Spent Behaviour ation Emotions Positive Emotions .864 Money Management .259 .716 Mentally Spent .216 .094 .807 Usage/ Behaviour .170 .228 .317 .808 Gift .221 .232 .351 .125 .741 Gratification .317 ..06 .123 .148 .340 .810 Negative Emotions .271 .271 .228 .340 .241 .341 .791 * Replaces 1’s with Square Root of AVE for that latent variable. Square root of the AVE’s in the off-diagonal > latent constructs
110 Exhibit 6.9: Pre-Test Items Removed from the 49 Item Scale The validation resulted in fifteen items being removed from the forty nine item scale and two reworded. It was thought that the reason the items I tend to think I have more money in my debit card account than I actually have and Using a debit card to pay for transactions reduces the joy of shopping were not performing, possibly due to wording issues. These were presented to the members of the focus group and colleagues. The consensus was that the items were clumsy and so they were reworded to: I tend to over- estimate the amount of money I have in my debit card account, and using my debit card to pay for purchases is pleasurable and retained The final thirty four item scale was completed by the field study participants (Phase Three) and the validation process is described in the following section. 6.5: Field Study- Scale Validation Process The purpose of this instrument is to capture the payment mode perceptions of the people who agreed to participate in Phase Three of this study. One hundred and eighty one participants from Phase Three of the study completed and returned the thirty-four item scale (Exhibit 6.10). If I had a $100 note in my wallet I would feel affluent I like using cash to pay for my purchases I buy fewer unnecessary items when I use cash to pay for my purchases I feel unsafe and at risk if I have a lot of money in my wallet I like the sensation I get when I hold my debit card in my hand I like having cash (coins/notes) in my wallet I feel sad when I use my debit card to pay for purchase If I had a $100 note in my wallet I would feel uneasy I am more likely to buy less necessary items when I use a debit card to pay for items Using a debit card helps me manage my budget/ money I prefer to use a debit card to pay for the majority of my day to day purchases Using my debit card to pay for purchases is pleasurable If I had a $100 note in my wallet I would feel relaxed I would be reluctant to spend it I would feel uneasy
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Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions
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Chapter Four: Research Design and M
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List of Figures Figure 6.1 Sree Plo
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List of Tables Table 6.1. Explorato
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Acknowledgement The research idea i
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Abstract This study examines the co
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the payment mode selected impacts o
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Identifying the exact origin of anc
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1.5: Study Locus and Context The av
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compare participants normal or pref
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Chapter 2 provides a critical revie
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2.2: The Emergence of the Money Con
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commodity (bullion) and issued the
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2.5: Payment Mode and Purchase Beha
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and Belmont (1996) found that resta
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Households’ Spending’ run by th
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students (n=37) were also asked to
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enefit of consumption and the assoc
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associated with the purchase of ple
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A number of explanations for how pa
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2.6.5: Summary As this review of th
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Questions one and two are based on
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and label" events and occurrences,
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Thaler (1998) asserts that mental a
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If this is so then it is the transp
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The Chapter contends that the payme
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In this chapter, the methodology fo
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solid data, the issue of generalisa
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the experience. To do this requires
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as participants managed to link the
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4.4.2: Participant Selection There
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were initially examined via a test-
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set, in addition to the payment mod
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There are two major validity threat
Page 69 and 70: The Chapter commences by describing
Page 71 and 72: of all three projective tests. A fu
Page 73 and 74: However the negative thoughts diffe
Page 75 and 76: cold. It seems that money in the de
Page 77 and 78: thought the shoe (that was linked t
Page 79 and 80: Exhibit 5.6: Summary of findings $2
Page 81 and 82: denominations ($5, $10). On the oth
Page 83 and 84: Emotions (see Exhibit 5.7g) The mos
Page 85 and 86: � It is just when I can hear coin
Page 87 and 88: � I don’t feel that when I see
Page 89 and 90: Exhibit 5.7 (c) LIQUIDITY � if I
Page 91 and 92: Exhibit 5.8. Quotes for PMP Scale.
Page 93 and 94: 82 Using cash to pay for purchases
Page 95 and 96: 84 Using a debit card to pay for tr
Page 97 and 98: ` 86 If I had a $20 note in my wall
Page 99 and 100: 88 Chapter Six Development and Vali
Page 101 and 102: latent variable determines the obse
Page 103 and 104: oot (sqrt) was applied to normalize
Page 105 and 106: Exploratory Factor Analysis reveale
Page 107 and 108: 96 Table 6.2: Inter-Item and Item-t
Page 109 and 110: 98 Exhibit 6.5: 49 Item Scale in Pr
Page 111 and 112: 6.4.2: Pre-Test Two - Internal Cons
Page 113 and 114: The 45 items were examined to facto
Page 115 and 116: 6.4.4: Pre Test Two - Final Factor
Page 117 and 118: 6.4.6: Assessing Construct Validity
Page 119: used to measure individual construc
Page 123 and 124: Table 6.14: Summary of Final Result
Page 125 and 126: All dimensions (Table 6.16) show AV
Page 127 and 128: 7.1: Chapter Overview 116 Chapter S
Page 129 and 130: Four product categories of househol
Page 131 and 132: Since the use of cash and debit car
Page 133 and 134: 7.4.1.2: Control Group-Test Groups
Page 135 and 136: 7.4.2: Proposition Two Evaluation T
Page 137 and 138: 126 Table 7.8: Indulgence Food Prod
Page 139 and 140: 128 Exhibit 7.2: Proposition Two: E
Page 141 and 142: 130 Table 7.12: Comparisons of Fact
Page 143 and 144: Proposition Two that- where consume
Page 145 and 146: Table 7.13: Mean Item Score: Field
Page 147 and 148: Research Question One: Do the cogni
Page 149 and 150: token is used, perceptions and beha
Page 151 and 152: would spend it on something special
Page 153 and 154: 8.4: Methodological Contribution Th
Page 155 and 156: 144 � The priming regarding the s
Page 157 and 158: it may be prudent for governments,
Page 159 and 160: Bechara, A., & Damasio, A. (2005).
Page 161 and 162: Carruthers, B., & Babb, S. (1996).
Page 163 and 164: Dohrenwend, B. P., Itzhak Levav, P.
Page 165 and 166: Garcia-Swartz, D., Hahn, W. R., & L
Page 167 and 168: Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B
Page 169 and 170: Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content a
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Loix, E. Pepermans, R. Van Hove, L.
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Nielsen Research (2011, August) Nie
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Reimann & Bechara (2009) The somati
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Singh (2004) Impersonalisation of e
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Trent, J. & Smalley, G. (1992) The
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Zelizer, V. (1994). The social mean
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its usage. This in turn points out
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Adam Smith proposed that money is s
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During the 1950s, researchers began
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use of borrowed money. The introduc
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Appendix 2: Projective Tasks- Workb
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TASK THREE For this activity you wi
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TASK SIX Shopping experience using
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Activity Two Tick five traits/chara
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Appendix 3: Moderator Guide When pa
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important. Individual opinions and
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192 Write few sentences describing
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Appendix 5: Projective Tests- Theme
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Appendix 7: Projective Tool (Debit
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