Cash or Card: Consumer Perceptions of Payment Modes - Scholarly ...

6.4.1: Pre-Test Two- Data Preparation
Some of the items show skewness and kurtosis’s values exceeding the acceptable level of ± 2
for skewness and ± 3 for kurtosis (See Table 6.4). The skewed items were transformed and
normalized in SPSS by computing the square root (Sqrt) of each item to normalize weakly
skewed items and the logarithm (Log10/Ln) of each items to normalize more strongly skewed
items.
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Table 6.4: Pre-Test Two – Skewness and Kurtosis Before Transformation
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Skewness
I don’t like to use cash as it reduces the pleasure of shopping 5.7
If I had $100 not in my wallet I would be reluctant to spend 6.0
I am not conscious of how much I spend when paying by cash 4.5
I feel unsafe and at risk if I have a lot of money in my wallet 7.4
Having money in a debit card is safer than having it in a wallet 4.8
I prefer to use a debit card to pay for majority of my purchases 4.0
I feel sad when I use debit card to pay for purchases -4.9
Kurtosis
I often feel upset when I check my debit card statement 3.66
The z-scores for detecting univariate outliers, and the Mahalanobis distance for detecting
multivariate outliers, were computed. Mahalanobis distance suggests no outliers in data
(D²/df