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Int Arch Occup Environ Health (2008) 81:487–493 489 means of alpha-amylase detection (InWnity amylase reagent; Sigma, Milan, Italy). Alpha-amylase was never detected and none of the samples was excluded. The EBC samples were stored at ¡80°C until analysis. Detection of urine and EBC Cr Urinary Cr (Cr-U) was measured by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) with Zeeman eVect background correction, using a 1/10 5 dilution of a certiWed standard control (1 g/l) in water (Fluka) for every ten samples and conWrmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in a separate laboratory. Finally, the ETAAS method was validated using a lyophilised urine control (Clincheck®, Recipe, Germany, Cr = 7.5 g/L). The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 g/l. Cr was normalised for urinary creatinine content (all the samples were between 30 and 300 mg% of creatinine), and therefore expressed as g/g creatinine. No samples of NSCLC patients were below the LOD and in the statistical analysis no data were censored. EBC Cr (Cr-EBC) was measured by means of ETAAS, as previously described (Caglieri et al. 2006), and con- Wrmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in a separate laboratory. The LOD was 0.05 g/l. No samples of NSCLC patients were below the LOD and in the statistical analysis no data were censored. Unfortunately, in most EBC samples, Cr was too low to be speciated with the method proposed by Goldoni et al. 2006 and no more sensitive methods are present in literature. Detection of tissue Cr Three small pieces of non-cancerous lung tissue that had not been in direct contact with the surgical instruments were collected from each NSCLC patient. The tumour resection involved the upper lobe in 13 patients and the lower lobe in 7 patients. Portions of cancerous and noncancerous lung tissue pieces derived from the parenchyma were ablated. It is important to note that tissue pieces weighed, in general, a few grams and cut signs were evident on them. Therefore, small pieces where Cr was dosed (about 30–50 mg each) were in the opposite part of the cut. Samples were immediately stored at ¡80°C and Cr analysis was performed a few days later. A partial conWrmation of contamination avoidance was that Cr was similar in the several small pieces of tissue from the same patient (data not shown). Samples were boiled at 90°C overnight in order to eliminate their water content. The dry tissue was weighed and digested for 3 h with a solution containing 1,250 l of water and 1,250 l of nitric acid (69%) at 65°C. Cr was measured by means of ETAAS using certiWed standard controls (Fluka, Milan, Italy) for every ten samples after appropriate dilution to minimise the eVect of Cr contamination due to the use of nitric acid. The LOD was 0.05 g/l, but the concentrations were expressed as g/g dry tissue. The measurement was also repeated using a piece of cancerous tissue. No samples were below the LOD and in the statistical analysis no data were censored. Detection of Cr in surgical instruments Surgical clips were incubated for 3 h in an aqueous solution, alone or attached to the plastic tube of the EBC collection system, as were the standard linear cutter and head of the endosurgery machine. Cr was directly measured in the water used for washing and expressed as ng/clip for the clips, and g/g for the other surgical instruments. Statistical analysis For the controls, a value of 0.025 g/l was assigned, if Cr was below the LOD in urine or EBC. The non-parametric Shapiro–Wilk’s statistical test was used because of the nonnormal nature of the data, which were expressed as median values with interquartile ranges. Paired samples were compared using Wilcoxon’s test for repeated measures and the Mann–Whitney test for independent samples. For the linear regression analysis, we used Pearson’s correlation coeYcient on a log–log scale in order to avoid heteroscedasticity and to normalise standardised residuals. P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically signiWcant. Results As there was neither diVerence in the EBC volume between the controls and NSCLC patients at either collection time nor any correlation between EBC volume and the levels of the measured transition elements in EBC (data not shown), total EBC volume was not considered in the statistical analysis. Moreover, no diVerences in the EBC volume were observed before and after the surgical intervention (data not shown). Table 2 shows the Cr-EBC and Cr-U levels. There was no diVerence between the NSCLC patients and controls at time 1, but there was a signiWcant increase in Cr-EBC of the patients at time 2 in comparison with time 1 (P < 0.05) and in comparison with the controls (P < 0.05). There was also a similar increase in the Cr-U levels (P < 0.01 vs time 1 and controls). The level of Cr was 0.14 (0.04–0.24) g/g in normal pulmonary tissue and 0.14 (0.06–0.3) g/g in cancerous tissue (P =ns). Surgical clips released only a small amount of Cr [0.03 (0.02–0.04) ng/clip], but the linear cutter and the head of 123
490 Int Arch Occup Environ Health (2008) 81:487–493 Table 2 Cr concentrations in EBC and urine of controls and NSCLC patients before (time 1) and after tumour resection (time 2) Cr-EBC (g/l) 0.18 (ND-0.43) Cr-U (g/g creat.) Median (interquartile range) is reported ND not detectable (
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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA DO
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Riassunto La raccolta e l’analisi
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Sommario CAPITOLO 1: Introduzione .
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5.3.1 Scopi dello studio ..........
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Congressi Nazionali ed Internaziona
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ischio consiste nel caratterizzare
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1.1 I biomarcatori Il termine “bi
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Forschungsgemainschaft (DFG, 2004).
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elettrotermico (ETAAS) fino ad arri
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E’ possibile studiare la cinetica
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Tra le molecole dosate con maggior
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circostanze, sarebbe più appropria
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3.3.2 Miscele di inquinanti comples
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3.3.3.3 Elementi metallici nel BAL
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- Cromatura galvanica, che prevede
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Molti studi in vivo e in vitro hann
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tra tessuto sano e malato (Raithel
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4.3.2 Cd e il fumo di sigaretta Le
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sulla sintesi dell’eme. I valori
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- Smontaggio, pulitura e deposito n
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5.2.2.3 Le misure ambientali Le mis
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5.2.3 Risultati I livelli di Cr mis
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di DPC in 1-butanolo e 100 μl di H
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5.4 Un terzo studio confermativo ne
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5.5 Cr nel tessuto polmonare e nel
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I livelli di Cromo erano 0.14 (0.04
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- Monitoraggio ambientale: è stato
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6.2 Nichel, Cadmio e Piombo esalati
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CAPITOLO 5: Discussione 7. Esposizi
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Cr(VI) nel CAE rinforza l’ipotesi
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Se nell’urina viene escreta una m
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sigaretta (Rustemeier et al., 2002;
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Cr(VI) nell’indurre risposte corr
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sul passaggio di Cr nei due stati d
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depositarsi ad alte concentrazioni
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Poiché il volume esalato non è al
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11.8 Conclusioni Il sistema appare
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Amorim, L.C., de Cardeal, L.Z., 200
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Bernard, A., 2004. Renal dysfunctio
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Coogan, T.P., Squibb, K.S., Motz, J
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Effros, R.M., Hoagland, K.W., Bosbo
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Hazelwood, K.J., Drake, P.L., Ashle
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Microscopic analysis of chromium ac
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McGarvey, L.P., Dunbar, K., Martin,
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NIOSH, 2003. NIOSH Method 7703: Hex
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Rahman, I., Kelly, F., 2003. Biomar
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Tatrai, E., Kovacikova, Z., Hudak,
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13. Tabelle 86
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Controlli Lavoratori N° soggetti 2
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N° soggetti 10 Sesso (M/F) 10/0 La
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Cr-Plasma (μg/L) Cr-RC (ng/10 9 ce
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Controlli NSCLC tempo 1 NSCLC tempo
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Ni-Aria Lunedì (μg/m 3 ) Ni-U Lun
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Composizione SERETIDE® 0.3-0.5 mic
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Figura 1: Tavola periodica degli el
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Figura 3. Meccanismi di tossicità
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Figura 5. (A) Cromatura Galvanica -
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Cr-CAE (μg/L) 100 10 1 0.1 r=0.25,
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mAbs a 540/545 nm : r = 0.9999, int
Page 119 and 120: A Cr-CAE (μg/L) Cr(VI)/Cr TOT B 10
Page 121 and 122: Cr-U (μg/g creat.) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
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Page 125 and 126: Cr Tessuto (μg/g tessuto secco) 1
Page 127 and 128: Ni-CAE (μg/L) 10 1 r=-0.11, p=ns 1
Page 129 and 130: Ni-CAE (μg/L) Cd-CAE (μg/L) Pb-CA
Page 131 and 132: Figura 23: Modello teorico che desc
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Page 141 and 142: Flusso (L/s) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.
Page 143 and 144: Particelle 1.0 micron (Part/L) 1400
Page 145 and 146: Pubblicazioni scientifiche nazional
Page 147 and 148: Altre attività e pubblicazioni, An
Page 149 and 150: Eurotox 2006 - 43 rd congress of th
Page 151 and 152: • Goldoni Matteo, Caglieri A, Pol
Page 153 and 154: Allegato I I
Page 155 and 156: Materials and Methods Subjects. Tab
Page 157 and 158: 280 μL at T 2) and controls (1,585
Page 159 and 160: Allegato II II
Page 161 and 162: 230 M. Goldoni et al. / Analytica C
Page 167 and 168: Allegato III III
Page 169: 488 Int Arch Occup Environ Health (
Page 173 and 174: 492 Int Arch Occup Environ Health (
Page 175 and 176: Allegato IV IV
Page 177 and 178: CHEST Original Research Exhaled Met
Page 179 and 180: Subject Characteristics Materials a
Page 181 and 182: Figure 1. Lead, cadmium, aluminum (
Page 183 and 184: Figure 3. Iron (expressed in log 10
Page 185 and 186: dedicated to elemental analysis, an
Page 187 and 188: Exhaled Metallic Elements and Serum
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