Jaargang 8, nommer 2 – Augustus 2011 - LitNet

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LitNet Akademies Jaargang 8(2) – Augustus 2011 interpretation can be formed, in this case of whether the relevant vowel is pronounced as a rounded or a derounded vowel. A total of 1 044 usable vowels were obtained for analysis. 504 were pronounced by the learners, and 540 by the adults. Of these vowels, 625 in the dataset belonged to the category Rounded, and 378 to the category Derounded. Fortyone vowels were omitted as they were impossible to categorise. A simple statistic equation 1 shows that the difference between the two groups is statistically highly significant; (c2) = 33,1 (degrees of freedom = 1; p = 0,0000). A progressive decrease in the ability of older to younger persons to produce rounded vowels was identified. There were no significant differences between the two oldest groups (c2 = 0,03; p = 0,87), or between the two youngest groups (c2 = 0,6; p = 0,46). However, the 15yearold group showed substantial differences from the two oldest groups. The 30–50yearold and 50–60yearold groups also each showed considerable differences from the oldest group of 60+ years (c2 > 33; p = 0,0000). Although the number of speakers in each category might not be enough for definite conclusions, the relatively high number of cases corresponding to these conclusions certainly suggests their exactitude. The high level of significant differences also suggests that interpretations can be made with a sense of certainty. The two youngest groups are much more inclined to derounding, especially in the case of /y/. The type of vowel is, therefore, very important in studies such as these. It has also been found that the type of language structure used to obtain speech from the participants, namely the word lists or sentences used, have to be carefully considered. Furthermore, the style (formal versus informal) and tempo of speech (normal versus fast) should also not be disregarded. Derounding is more present in sentences than in word lists. This trend is more prominent in the two youngest groups than in the two oldest ones, with the youngest group being the most noticeable. A possible explanation for the latter could be the fact that these students generally read the materials at a faster tempo than the others. An acoustic analysis was conducted on the available speech samples from the ten female speakers. This female group consisted of the five learners (all 15yearolds) and the five adult women (two in each of the 30–50 and 50–60yearold categories, and one in the 60+ category) – thus a relatively balanced distribution from young to old. Acoustic correlations that should be taken into consideration are, primarily, the second vowel formant (abbreviated to F2), and the first vowel formant (F1), which is also important at times. F2 is the strongest indicator of roundedness of vowels. In a multiple regression analysis these two parameters seem to be the strongest indicators of a differentiation between Rounded and Derounded. The other two meaningful parameters are the harmonicitytonoise ratio and fundamental frequency (F0), or tone. A total of 286 usable vowels from the group of ten women were analysed. Of these, 183 were classified as Derounded and 103 as Rounded, based on auditory judgement during the listening phase of the first part of the study. The difference between F2’s Rounded and Derounded values is statistically highly significant (p = 0,003; result of a ttest). This conclusion therefore strongly supports the auditory classification which was previously made. The difference with regard to F1 is similarly noteworthy (p = 0,004). The comparison between the two derounded vowels and the two basic unrounded vowels reveals that the derounded version of /y/, viz. [i], takes on almost the same acoustic characteristics as the basic unrounded phoneme /i/. In this case, the process of derounding is therefore very nearly complete. In contrast, there is a bigger difference between the derounded counterpart of /9/, viz. [@], and the basic unrounded phoneme /@/; which means that in this case this process of derounding is further from completion. 310 ISSN 1995-5928 | Tel: 021 886 5169 | E-pos: akademies@litnet.co.za
LitNet Akademies Jaargang 8(2) – Augustus 2011 The conclusions clearly indicate the occurrence of derounding of the marked vowels /y/ and /9/ in the speech of Kharkams Afrikaans speakers in all four of the age groups that participated in this project. However, it is evident that it occurs least in the oldest group of speakers (those above 60) and most frequently in the group of learners; with the other two groups averaging somewhere in between. There is undoubtedly a process of change present, the outcome of which can only be speculated about. Change in a language is not a linear process, but can cease, or even turn around. If Links’s 1989 observations with regard to the presence (or rather absence) of derounding in the Afrikaans of his group of elderly Kharkams Afrikaans speakers are (mostly) accepted to be true, then my findings could be considered supportive of Ponelis’s hypothesised notion (Links 1989) that Kharkams Afrikaans would also have been subject to gradual changes. Whether this occurred predominantly, or to a lesser extent, under the influence of the factors mentioned by Ponelis (urbanisation and cultivation), is an entirely different matter. The findings of the study lead one to the conclusion that most of the factors taken into consideration during the planning of the study were, in fact, important. In order to control, or even eliminate, influencing factors in studies such as these, it is strongly recommended that word lists rather than sentences be used as stimulus material. Key words: Derounding, Kharkams Afrikaans, experimental investigation, influencing factors, chronolectic variances Opsomming Ek doen in hierdie artikel verslag van ’n ondersoek na die moontlike aanwesigheid van ontronding as fonologiese proses in Kharkamsafrikaans, ’n Namakwalandse variëteit van Afrikaans. Die twee vokale /9/ (die SAMPA-ekwivalent van IPA se /œ/-teken) en /y/ is in woordlyste en sinne deur 20 toevallig beskikbare sprekers van die dorpie Kharkams opgeneem en ontleed. Die aanleiding tot die studie is die beskrywing van Links (1989) asook Fritz Ponelis se Voorwoord tot hierdie werk. Links (1989) lig die afwesigheid van ontronding toe in die spraak van persone van 76 jaar en ouer. Ponelis (in die Voorwoord) wys op die tydigheid van die ondersoek, omdat verstedeliking en kultivering besig was om “groot bresse” te slaan, ook in daardie variëteit van Afrikaans. Ontronding sou dus waarskynlik by jongmense van die streek begin posvat het. Hierdie moontlikheid is in hierdie studie getoets. Tien graad 9-leerlinge van die plaaslike hoërskool is betrek, asook tien volwassenes van wisselende ouderdom (30–84 jaar). Ontronding is by almal gevind, die meeste by die jongste groep, en die minste by die oudste groep. In hierdie opsig is daar dus wel aanwysings van waarskynlike beïnvloeding van die kant van verstedeliking en kultivering soos deur Ponelis genoem. Mens sou hier ook kon praat van chronolektiese verskille tussen die oudste en jongste sprekers. ’n Aantal aanbevelings word gemaak met betrekking tot die ondersoekmetode wat gevolg is. Daar moet veral gewaak word teen ’n te enkelvoudige opset, soos om net van sinne gebruik te maak; lyste woorde gee duideliker resultate. Die tipe vokaal, sinsaksent, leesstyl en -tempo en gebruiksfrekwensie moet ook in ag geneem word. By die interpretasie van bevindinge soos dié moet mens natuurlik steeds in gedagte hou dat sommige prosesse onderhewig is aan meer weerstand teen verandering as ander. Trefwoorde: Ontronding, Kharkamsafrikaans, eksperimentele ondersoek, beïnvloedende faktore, chronolektiese variante 311 ISSN 1995-5928 | Tel: 021 886 5169 | E-pos: akademies@litnet.co.za
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Jaargang 8, nommer 2 – Augustus 2011 - LitNet

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