vfhbkt,bc uhfabrekb ajhvekt,b Na 2 SO 4 K 2 CO 3 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 O Na_O \ // S Na_O / \ \ O K_O \ C � O K_O/ ytbnhfkbpfwbbc htfmwbf // O / O \ S \ \ O Al_O / \ O \ // O S / O / \ \ O Al _O \ // O \ O / S \ \ O ae.tcf lf v;fdfc ijhbc htfmwbfc= hjvkbc itltuflfw vbbqt,f ytbnhfkehb ghjlemnt,b _ o'fkb lf vfhbkb= ytbnhfkbpfwbbc htfmwbf tojlt,f\ ytbnhfkbpfwbbc htfmwbbc fhcb vlujvfhtj,c bvfib= hjv v;fdfc o'fk,fl bjyb _ H + ethslt,f ae.bc ]blhjmcbl bjyc _ (OH) _ = hbc itltuflfw ofhvjbmvyt,f ytbnhfkehb ghjlemnb o'fkb| � � H � OH � H2O fv ufynjkt,fc tojlt,f ytbnhfkbpfwbbc itvjrkt,ekb bjyehb ufynjkt,f= cflfw o'fk,fl bjybc (H + ) mdti buekbc[vt,f 'dtkf v;fdf= OH _ -bjybc mdti _ 'dtkf ae.t\ ytbnhfkbpfwbbc htfmwbf jhudfhbf _ chekb lf fhfchekb\ chekb ytbnhfkbpfwbbc fewbkt,tkb gbhj,ff o'fk,fl bjyt,bc hbw[db njkb b'jc ae.bc ]blhjmcbl bjyt,bcf (H + = OH_ )\ chekb ytbnhfkbpfwbbc itltufl ofhvjbmvyt,f cfiefkj= fye yjhvfkehb vfhbkt,b\ NaOH � HCl � NaCl � H2O ( OH) � H SO � CaSO � 2H O Ca 2 2 4 4 2 fhfchek ytbnhfkbpfwbfc vfiby fmdc flubkb= hjltcfw v;fdfc o'fk,fl bjyt,bc (H + ) hbw[db njkb fh fhbc ae.bc ]blhjmcbl bj yt , bcf (OH_ � � )= t\b\ H � OH \ fhfchekb ytbnhfkbpfwbbc itltufl vbbqt,f v;fdf fy ae.t vfhbkb\ v;fdf vfhbkt,b ofhvjbmvyt,f vfiby= hjwf H + > OH_ \ vfu\| NaOH � H2SO4 � H2O � NaHSO4 Ca( OH) 2 � H3PO 4 � 2H2O � CaHPO4 v;fdf vfhbkt,b vbbqt,f vfhbkpt itcf,fvbcb v;fdfc vjmvtlt,bs| CaCO3 � H2O � CO2 � Ca( HCO3 ) 2 K 2SO4 � H2SO 4 � 2KHSO4 hjwf OH_ >H + = vfiby ofhvjbmvyt,f ae.t vfhbkb| Ca( OH) 2 � HCl � H2O � CaOHCl Al( OH) 3 � H2SO 4 � 2H2O � AlOHSO4 ae.t vfhbkt,b vbbqt,f fuhtsdt vfhbkpt itcf,fvbcb ae.bc vjmvtlt,bs| CuCl 2 � Cu( OH) 2 � 2CuOHSO4 Ca( NO ) � Ca( OH) � 2CaOHNO 38 39 3 2 2 v;fdf lf ae.t vfhbkt,bc uflf'dfyf cfiefkj vfhbkt,ib bvbcfsdbc= hjv v;fdf vfhbkb uflfdb'dfyjs cfiefkj fye yjhvfkeh vfhbkib= cfzbhjf vfcpt dbvjmvtljs itcf,fvbcb ae.bs| NaHSO4 � NaOH � H2O � Na2SO 4 Ca( HCO3 ) 2 � Ca( OH) 2 � 2CaCO3 � 2H2O ae.t vfhbkbc cfiefkj vfhbkib uflfcf'dfyfl cfzbhjf vfcpt dbvjmvtljs itcf,fvbcb v;fdbs| CaOHCl� HCl � H2O � CaCl2 2AlOHSO � H SO � 2H O � Al ( SO ) 4 2 4 2 2 3 4 3
v;fdfc ajhvekf HF HCl HBr HI H 2 S H 2 CO 3 H 2 SiO 3 HNO 3 HNO 2 HPO 3 H 4 P 2 O 7 H 3 PO 4 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 3 H 2 CrO 4 H 2 Cr 2 O 7 HClO HClO 2 HClO 3 HClO 4 v;fdt,b= vfsb fy]blhblt,b lf fybjyt,b v;fdfc cf[tkojlt,f anjho'fk,flv;fdf mkjho'fk,flv;fdf ,hjvo'fk,flv;fdf bjlo'fk,flv;fdf ujubhlo'fk,flv;fdf yf[ibhv;fdf cbkbwbevv;fdf fpjnv;fdf fpjnjdfyb v;fdf vtnfajcajhv;fdf gbhjajcajhv;fdf jhsjajcajhv;fdf ujubhlv;fdf ujubhljdfyb v;fdf mhjvv;fdf ,bmhjvv;fdf mdtmkjhjdfyb v;fdf mkjhjdfyb v;fdf mdtmkjhv;fdf mkjhv;fdf itcf,fvbcb fy]blhblb - - - - - - CO 2 SiO 2 N 2 O 5 N 2 O 3 P 2 O 5 P 2 O 5 P 2 O 5 SO 3 SO 2 CrO 3 CrO 3 Cl 2 O ClO 2 Cl 2 O 6 Cl 2 O 7 itcf,fvbcb fybjyb F_ Cl_ Br_ I_ S2_ HS_ 2_ CO3 _ HCO3 2_ SiO3 _ NO3 _ NO2 _ PO3 4_ P O 2 7 H P O 2 2 7 2_ 3_ PO4 2_ HPO4 _ H 2 PO 4 2_ SO4 _ HSO4 2_ SO3 2_ CrO4 2_ Cr O 2 7 ClO_ _ ClO2 _ ClO3 _ ClO4 fybjybc cf[tkojlt,f anjhblb mkjhblb ,hjvblb bjlblb cekablb ]blhjcekablb rfh,jyfnb ]blhjrfh,jyfnb cbkbrfnb ybnhfnb ybnhbnb vtnfajcafnb gbhjajcafnb lb]blhjgbhjajcafnb ajcafnb ]blhjajcafnb lb]blhjajcafnb cekafnb ]blhjcekafnb cekabnb mhjvfnb lbmhjvfnb ]bgjmkjhbnb mkjhbnb mkjhfnb gthmkjhfnb v;fdf lf ae.t vfhbkt,bc uhfabrekb ajhvekt,b NaHSO 4 Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Na-bc ]blhjcekafnb Ca-bc ]blhjrfh,jyfnb Na_O \ // O S H_O / \ \ O 40 41 H_O \ C � O O / Ca� O \ H_O / C � O Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 CaOHCl Ca-bc lb]blhjajcafnb Ca-bc ]blhjmcbmkjhblb H_O \ H_O_ P � O O / Ca� O \ H_O_ P � O H_O / Ca / OH \ Cl AlOHSO 4 Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 Na-bc ]blhjmcbcekafnb Cu-bc ae.t rfh,jyfnb O \ HO_ Al� O S / // O \ \ O Cu Cu / O_H \ O \ / O / \ O_H C � O
- Page 1 and 2: m. cincaZe, n. maisuraZe, g. manvel
- Page 3 and 4: obyfvlt,fht cf[tkv.qdfytkj ufsdfkbc
- Page 5 and 6: mbvbehb tktvtynb fnjvsf 'jdtk ufhrd
- Page 7 and 8: 'jdtksdbc thsbc njkbf)= Ca= Ba= Mg
- Page 9 and 10: xdtekt,hbd fbhbc cbvrdhbdtc ufycfpq
- Page 11 and 12: SFDB ^^\ L\B\ VTYLTKTTDBC GTHBJLEKJ
- Page 13 and 14: SFDB ^^^\ FHFJHUFYEK YFTHSSF >BHBSF
- Page 15 and 16: nentt,sfy ehsbthsmvtlt,bcfc bcbyb f
- Page 17 and 18: 3\ v;fdt,b itlbc htfmwbfib ae.tt,sf
- Page 19 and 20: fvajnthekb ]blhjmcblb ae.bc sdbct,f
- Page 21: 11\ pjubthsb v'fhb v;fdf jmcblbc it
- Page 25 and 26: A (Li) = 7 (0,927) + 6 (0073) = 6,
- Page 27 and 28: wbsb rjjhlbyfnt,bc qth.bc vbvfhs\ d
- Page 29 and 30: ve[nbc cblblbc phlf 1-lfy 116-vlt b
- Page 31 and 32: cohfadbc hbw[j,hbdb vybidytkj,bc ph
- Page 33 and 34: jhb d-jh,bnfkbc uflfafhdbs ofhvjbmv
- Page 35 and 36: Cl Z=17 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5
- Page 37 and 38: yf[ibh,flbc fnjvc fupyt,ek vlujvfht
- Page 39 and 40: ;fyu,flbc ;fyudbc [fhbc[b 'dtkf yft
- Page 41 and 42: dbceakfl uflfflubklt,f vstk rhbcnfk
- Page 43 and 44: ht,bc vbvfhs 1 fnv\ oytdbc lf 250C-
- Page 45 and 46: jhlbyfnsf qth.pt uflfpjvbkbf cbcntv
- Page 47 and 48: cytkb fhbc bc rjvgjytynb= hjvtkbw v
- Page 49 and 50: 1000�g 2 Mg1 �t � K t,\ fmtlf
- Page 51 and 52: Ba(OH) 2 lf c[df\ cecnb tktmnhjkbnt
- Page 53 and 54: vjkb$k\ fyufhbibc ufcfvfhnbdt,kfl i
- Page 55 and 56: ;fyudf-fqlutybc htfmwbt,bc ufynjkt,
- Page 57 and 58: tktmnhjyekb gjntywbfkt,bc f,cjkeneh
- Page 59 and 60: tktmnhjkbpb v;fdt,b= nentt,b= vfhbk
- Page 61 and 62: hrbybc lf ]blhjmcblbc bjyt,b ofhvjm
- Page 63 and 64: o'fk,flbc yfhtdb ]fthsfy (vuhudbyfd
- Page 65 and 66: jmcblb lf ]blhjmcblb\ yfnhbevb ofhv
- Page 67 and 68: fldbkfl b[cyt,f hjujhw ufypfdt,ek=
- Page 69 and 70: hflufy ufvj'jabkb Al(OH) 3 fvajnthe
- Page 71 and 72: yf[ibh,flbc (^^) jmcblb _ CO v[esfd
- Page 73 and 74:
Si + O 2 ��SiO 2 fh b[cyt,f fhw
- Page 75 and 76:
fvbfrb fldbkfl itlbc htfmwbfib v;fd
- Page 77 and 78:
Au + HNO + 3HCl �� AuCl + NO +
- Page 79 and 80:
o'fk,flb ajcajhsfy lfrfdibht,ekbf t
- Page 81 and 82:
jpjyb keh/b athbc= vrdtshb ceybc vm
- Page 83 and 84:
ujubhlv;fdf .kbthb v;fyufdbf\ ufypf
- Page 85 and 86:
eylf fqbybiyjc= hjv mkjhb eiefkjl f
- Page 87 and 88:
mkjhfnt,b xdtekt,hbd gbhj,t,ib cfrv
- Page 89 and 90:
2Cu + O 2 � 2CuO fy cgbkty.bc (^^
- Page 91 and 92:
Cr(OH) 3 + KOH � KCrO 2 + 2H 2 O
- Page 93 and 94:
Mn + H � 2 SO 4 MnSO 4 + H 2 ufyp
- Page 95 and 96:
vfkehb ;fyudbsb hbw[dbf +5= [jkj yb
- Page 97 and 98:
s[tdflb se/b lf oblf xfvjtlbyt,f me
- Page 99 and 100:
Fe 2 O 3 _ hrbybc (^^^) jmcblb Fe(O
- Page 101 and 102:
L lfybtk-bfrj,cbc ufkdfyehb tktvtyn
- Page 103 and 104:
,eyt,hbdb yfthst,b jmcblt,b v;fdt,b
- Page 105 and 106:
sfdb * tktmnhjmbvbf................