zogadi da araorganuli qimia

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o'dbkt,bc ofhvjmvybs\ sfyfvtlhjdt ofhvjlutyt,bc sfyf[vfl= mbvbeh ,vfc fmdc tktmnhekb ,eyt,f= vfuhfv bc [jhwbtklt,f c[dflfc[dfyfbhfl\ fvbc vb[tldbs fhxtdty mbvbehb ,vbc cfv .bhbsfl cf[tc| rjdfktynehc= bjyehc lf kbsjyehc\ bjyehb ,vbc stjhbf vjojlt,ekb bmyf 1916 otkc uthvfytkb vtwybthbc rjctkbc vbth= [jkj bvfdt otkc fvthbrtkvf vtwybthvf kebcvf ofvjf'tyf rjdfktynehb ,vbc stjhbf= hjvkbc sfyf[vfl= mbvbehb ,vf [jhwbtklt,f cfpbfhj tktmnhjyekb o'dbkt,bc ofhvjmvybs= hjvtkbw thslhjekfl tresdybc jh fnjvc\ rjctkbcf lf kebcbc stjhbfpt lf'hlyj,bs fqvjwtylf mbvbehb ,vbc sfyfvtlhjdt stjhbf= t\o\ dfktynehb ,vbc stjhbf\ mdfynehb vtmfybrbc ofhvjlutyt,bc ufydbsfht,fv w[fl'j ufpbfht,ekb tktmnhjyekb o'dbkbc [fh/pt mbvbehb ,vbc ofhvjmvybc vbptpb\ se fnjvib tktmnhjyt,c ufydb[bkfds hjujhw tktmnhjyek qhe,kt,c= vfiby cfpbfhj o'dbkbc ofhvjmvyf itb.kt,f ofhvjdblubyjs= hjujhw fv tktmnhjyekb qhe,kt,bc uflfafhdbc itltub\ ,bhsdt,c ijhbc fhct,ekb zfh,b tktmnhjyekb cbvrdhbdt f[ltyc vfs ijhbc ufypbldbc .fkt,bc rjvgtycfwbfc\ fvudfhfl= .fkt,c= hjvkt,bw epheydtk'jac ,vt,bc ofhvjmvyfc= fmdc tktmnhjcnfnbrehb [fcbfsb\ cfpbfhj tktmnhjyekb o'dbkt,bs lfv'fht,ek mbvbeh ,vfc tojlt,f rjdfktynehb= fye fnjvehb ,vf\ rjdfktynehb ,vf ufydb[bkjs o'fk,flbc vjktrekt,bc ofhvjmvybc vfufkbspt\ o'fk,flbc vjktrekfib mbvbehb ,vbc .fkf mdfynehb vtmfybrbc gjpbwbblfy 1927 otkc vjudwtc byukbctkvf vtwybtht,vf ]tbnkthvf lf kjyljyvf\ o'fk,flbc vjktrekf itlut,f 4 vbrhj yfobkfrbcfufy| jhb ,bhsdbcf lf jhb tktmnhjybcfufy (o'fk,flbc fnjv,bhsdb itvjafhukekbf cathekb s tktmnhjyekb qhe,kbs)+ fnjvt,bc cfrvfj vfy.bkpt vbf[kjt,bcfc fqb.dht,f vbpblekj,bc .fkt,b= thsb v[hbd= gbhdtkbc ,bhsdcf lf vtjhbc tktmnhjyek qhe,tkc ijhbc lf= vtjht v[hbd= gbhb- yf[\ 2\ o'fk,flbc vjktrekfib tktmnhjyekb qhe,kt,bc uflfafhdf 58 59 mbs\ fvfdt lhjc= fqb.dht,f ufypbldbc .fkt,b fv fnjvt,bc ,bhsdt,c ijhbc lf tktmnhjyt,c ijhbc\ vjktrekt,bc vluhflb vlujvfhtj,f vbbqotdf vfiby= hjwf vbpbldbc .fkt,b uflffzfh,t,c ufypbldbc .fkt,c\ tc gfce[j,c ,vbc ufycfpqdhek cbuh.tc\ t\b\ fnjvt,bc ufycfpqdhek vfy.bkpt vbf[kjdt,bcfc [lt,f vfsb tktmnhjyekb qhe,kt,bc (jh,bnt,bc) uflfafhdf= hbc itltuflfw ofhvjbmvyt,f vjktrekehb qhe,tkb= bc sfdclt,f jhbdt ,bhsdbc wtynht,c ijhbc lf fmdc ufphlbkb tktmnhjyekb cbvrdhbdt= fvbnjv ,bhsdt,c ijhbc vfy.bkb vjktrekfib yfrkt,bf o'fk,flbc jhb fnjvbc hflbecbc /fvpt (r (H) = 0,053 y\v\+ eylf 'jabkb'j 0=106 y\v\ fhbc 0=074 y\v\)\ b[\ yf[\ `2\ fvudfhfl= rjdfktynehb ,vbc fq.dhbcfc [lt,f fnjvt,bc tktmnhjyekb qhe,kt,bc uflfafhdf= hfcfw sfy f[kfdc tythubbc ufvj'jaf= hbc ufvjw fnjvsf itthst,bcfc vjktrekfib cbcntvbc cfthsj tythubf vwbhlt,f\ hjwf mbvbehb ,vf jhb fnjvbc sbsj s tktmnhjyekb jh- ,bnfkbc uflfafhdbs [jhwbtklt,f= vbbqt,f ��(cbuvf) ,vf= cflfw tktmnhjyekb qhe,kt,bc vfmcbvfkehb uflfafhdf [jhwbtklt,f fnjvsf itvfthst,tkb [fpbc ufcodhbd\ �-,vf ofhvjbmvyt,f fuhtsdt bv itvs[dtdfib= hjwf ,vbc ofhvjmvyfib vjyfobktj,c thsb fnjvbc s-jh,bnfkb lf vtjht fnjvbc p-jh,bnfkb\ hjwf ,vf jhb p jh,bnfkbs [jhwbtklt,f= vfiby vfsb uflfafhdf itb.kt,f vj[ltc hjujhw fnjvt,bc itvfthst,tkb [fpbc ufcodhbd= fctdt fv [fpbc gthgtylbrekfhekfl= cb,hn'bc jhbdt v[fhtc= hbc itltuflfw gbhdtk itvs[dtdfib ofhvjbmvyt,f � (cbuvf) ,vf= [jkj vtjht itvs[dtdfib � (gb) ,vf\
jhb d-jh,bnfkbc uflfafhdbs ofhvjbmvyt,f hjujhw � lf � ,vt,b= fctdt itb.kt,f ofhvjbmvyfc vtcfvt nbgbc ,vf _ ��(ltknf)\ fv erfyfcrytk itvs[dtdfib [lt,f d-tktmnhjyekb jh,bnfkt,bc js[upbc uflfafhdf\ ptvjs fqybiyekb ,vt,bc ofhvjmvyf cmtvfnehfl ufvjcf[ekbf yf[\32-pt\ yf[\ 3\ tktmnhjyekb jh,bnfkt,bc uflfafhdf rjdfktynehb ,vbc ufvjcf[df itb.kt,f c[dflfc[dfyfbhfl| f) cfdfktynj tktmnhjyt,bc othnbkt,bc cf[bs xfothbc upbs mbvbehb cbv,jkjcsfy (vfu\= H . + . H; H:H) fy ,) mdfynehb e/ht,bc cf[bs [ibhfl rjdfktynj,fc ufvjcf[fdty [fpbs H_H\ 1s1 1s1 �� + �� se fnjvt,c ijhbc ofhvjbmvyt,f thsb rjdfktynehb ,vf= vfiby vfc vfhnbdb ,vf tojlt,f= [jkj se vtnb _ /thflb ,vf\ ufydb[bkjs mkjhbcf lf fpjnbc vjktrekbc ofhvjmvyf\ 1s 2 Cl 2 -bc ofhvjmvyf mkjhbc fnjvbc hbuj,hbdb yjvthbf _ Z-17= tktmnhjyekb ajhvekff 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 = vbcsdbc cfdfktynjf vtcfvt iht �� 3p �� 3s �� hjujhw d[tlfds= mkjhbc fnjvc cfdfktynj ihtib fmdc cfvb o'dbkb lf thsb ufeo'dbkt,tkb tktmnhjyb\ mbvbehb ,vbc ofhvjmvyf [lt,f jhb fnjvbc ufeo'dbkt,tkb tktmnhjyt,bc ufo'dbkt,bc [fh/pt= hjvtkbw cfpbfhj [lt,f jhbdt fnjvbcsdbc= hbc itltuflfw lfchekt,ekb hdftktmnhjybfyb (s 2 p 6 ) iht tmyt,f mkjhbc jhbdt fnjvc lf tc cfpbfhj o'dbkb sfyf,hfl tresdybc jhbdt fnjvc\ : Cl� � �Cl : �: Cl : Cl : � Cl 60 61 �� se v[tldtkj,fib vbdbqt,s= hjv Cl 2 -bc ofhvjmvyf [jhwbtklt,f p- tktmnhjyekb jh,bnfkt,bc uflfafhdbs= vfiby cmtvfnehfl itb.kt,f fct ufvjdcf[js| � �� 2 Cl Cl ptvjs erdt bsmdf= hjv se fnjvt,c ijhbc ofhvjbmvyt,f thsb rjdfktynehb ,vf= vfiby vfc tojlt,f vfhnbdb (thsvfub) ,vf= [jkj se vtnb= vfiby vfc tojlt,f /thflb\ rth.jl= se fnjvt,c ijhbc ofhvjbmvyt,f jhb mbvbehb ,vf vfc jhvfub ,vf tojlt,f= se cfvb _ cfvvfub lf f\i\ thsvfub ,vf ufvjbcf[t,f thsb [fpbs= jhvfub _ jhbs lf f\i\
Page 1 and 2: m. cincaZe, n. maisuraZe, g. manvel
Page 3 and 4: obyfvlt,fht cf[tkv.qdfytkj ufsdfkbc
Page 5 and 6: mbvbehb tktvtynb fnjvsf 'jdtk ufhrd
Page 7 and 8: 'jdtksdbc thsbc njkbf)= Ca= Ba= Mg
Page 9 and 10: xdtekt,hbd fbhbc cbvrdhbdtc ufycfpq
Page 11 and 12: SFDB ^^\ L\B\ VTYLTKTTDBC GTHBJLEKJ
Page 13 and 14: SFDB ^^^\ FHFJHUFYEK YFTHSSF >BHBSF
Page 15 and 16: nentt,sfy ehsbthsmvtlt,bcfc bcbyb f
Page 17 and 18: 3\ v;fdt,b itlbc htfmwbfib ae.tt,sf
Page 19 and 20: fvajnthekb ]blhjmcblb ae.bc sdbct,f
Page 21 and 22: 11\ pjubthsb v'fhb v;fdf jmcblbc it
Page 23 and 24: v;fdfc ajhvekf HF HCl HBr HI H 2 S
Page 25 and 26: A (Li) = 7 (0,927) + 6 (0073) = 6,
Page 27 and 28: wbsb rjjhlbyfnt,bc qth.bc vbvfhs\ d
Page 29 and 30: ve[nbc cblblbc phlf 1-lfy 116-vlt b
Page 31: cohfadbc hbw[j,hbdb vybidytkj,bc ph
Page 35 and 36: Cl Z=17 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5
Page 37 and 38: yf[ibh,flbc fnjvc fupyt,ek vlujvfht
Page 39 and 40: ;fyu,flbc ;fyudbc [fhbc[b 'dtkf yft
Page 41 and 42: dbceakfl uflfflubklt,f vstk rhbcnfk
Page 43 and 44: ht,bc vbvfhs 1 fnv\ oytdbc lf 250C-
Page 45 and 46: jhlbyfnsf qth.pt uflfpjvbkbf cbcntv
Page 47 and 48: cytkb fhbc bc rjvgjytynb= hjvtkbw v
Page 49 and 50: 1000�g 2 Mg1 �t � K t,\ fmtlf
Page 51 and 52: Ba(OH) 2 lf c[df\ cecnb tktmnhjkbnt
Page 53 and 54: vjkb$k\ fyufhbibc ufcfvfhnbdt,kfl i
Page 55 and 56: ;fyudf-fqlutybc htfmwbt,bc ufynjkt,
Page 57 and 58: tktmnhjyekb gjntywbfkt,bc f,cjkeneh
Page 59 and 60: tktmnhjkbpb v;fdt,b= nentt,b= vfhbk
Page 61 and 62: hrbybc lf ]blhjmcblbc bjyt,b ofhvjm
Page 63 and 64: o'fk,flbc yfhtdb ]fthsfy (vuhudbyfd
Page 65 and 66: jmcblb lf ]blhjmcblb\ yfnhbevb ofhv
Page 67 and 68: fldbkfl b[cyt,f hjujhw ufypfdt,ek=
Page 69 and 70: hflufy ufvj'jabkb Al(OH) 3 fvajnthe
Page 71 and 72: yf[ibh,flbc (^^) jmcblb _ CO v[esfd
Page 73 and 74: Si + O 2 ��SiO 2 fh b[cyt,f fhw
Page 75 and 76: fvbfrb fldbkfl itlbc htfmwbfib v;fd
Page 77 and 78: Au + HNO + 3HCl �� AuCl + NO +
Page 79 and 80: o'fk,flb ajcajhsfy lfrfdibht,ekbf t
Page 81 and 82: jpjyb keh/b athbc= vrdtshb ceybc vm
Page 83 and 84:
ujubhlv;fdf .kbthb v;fyufdbf\ ufypf
Page 85 and 86:
eylf fqbybiyjc= hjv mkjhb eiefkjl f
Page 87 and 88:
mkjhfnt,b xdtekt,hbd gbhj,t,ib cfrv
Page 89 and 90:
2Cu + O 2 � 2CuO fy cgbkty.bc (^^
Page 91 and 92:
Cr(OH) 3 + KOH � KCrO 2 + 2H 2 O
Page 93 and 94:
Mn + H � 2 SO 4 MnSO 4 + H 2 ufyp
Page 95 and 96:
vfkehb ;fyudbsb hbw[dbf +5= [jkj yb
Page 97 and 98:
s[tdflb se/b lf oblf xfvjtlbyt,f me
Page 99 and 100:
Fe 2 O 3 _ hrbybc (^^^) jmcblb Fe(O
Page 101 and 102:
L lfybtk-bfrj,cbc ufkdfyehb tktvtyn
Page 103 and 104:
,eyt,hbdb yfthst,b jmcblt,b v;fdt,b
Page 105 and 106:
sfdb * tktmnhjmbvbf................
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