zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
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gbhdtk itvs[dtdfib cgbyehb mdfynehb hbw[dt,bc /fvbc f,-<br />
1 1 1 1<br />
cjkenehb vybidytkj,t,b vfmcbvfkehbf ( � s � � � � 1 )\<br />
2 2 2 2<br />
vtjht itvs[dtdfib rb /fvehb cgbyehb mdfynehb hbw[dt,bc f,-<br />
1<br />
cjkenehb vybidytkj,f yfrkt,bf ( � s � )\ 2<br />
fnjvib tktmnhjyt,bc ufyfobkt,fc tythutnbrekb ljytt-<br />
,bcf lf mdtljytt,bc vb[tldbs ufvjcf[fdty tktmnhjyekb ajhvekt,bs\<br />
[ibhfl tktmnhjyekb qhe,kt,bc cnhemnehfc ufvjcf[fdty<br />
tythutnbrekb= fye mdfynehb e/htlt,bs\ tc fhbc uhfabrekb<br />
tktmnhjyekb ajhvekt,b= cflfw e/htlb jh,bnfkbf= bcfhb _<br />
tktmnhjyb= bchbc vbvfhsekt,f _ cgbyb\<br />
ufydb[bkjs= hjujh [lt,f fnjvsf tktmnhjyekb ajhvekt,bc<br />
itlutyf|<br />
jh,bnfkb vbybvfkehb tythubbs _ tc fhbc 1s jh,bnfkb\<br />
o'fk,flbc fnjvbcsdbc bub lfrfdt,ekbf thsflthsb tktmnhjybs=<br />
fvbnjv o'fk,flbc fnjvbc tktmnhjyek ajhvekfc tmyt,f<br />
fctsb cf[t| 1s1 = uhfabrekb tktmnhjyekb ajhvekf rb bmyt,f<br />
n = \<br />
1s jh,bnfkbc itdct,f vsfdhlt,f He-ib (Z = 2)\ vbcb tktmnhjyekb<br />
ajhvekff 1s2 = uhfabrekb tktmnhjyekb ajhvekf bmyt,f<br />
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vjvltdyj tktvtynt,ibw tktmnhjyt,bs mdtljytt,bc itdct-<br />
,bc sfyvbvltdhj,f tmdtvlt,fht,f gfekbcf lf evwbhtcb tythubbc<br />
ghbywbgc lf vbvlbyfhtj,c ]eylbc otcbcf lf rktxrjdcrbc otcbc<br />
lfwdbs\<br />
'jdtkbdt ptvjsmvekbc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs= fpjnbc fnjvbc<br />
tktmnhjyek ajhvekfc tmyt,f itvltub cf[t| N (Z = 7) 1s22s22p3 s<br />
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pjubthsb tktvtynbcsdbc mdtljytt,bc tktmnhjyt,bs itdct,f<br />
vbvlbyfhtj,c ptvjs ufy[bkekb ghbywbgt,blfy ufhrdtekb<br />
uflf[hbs\ vfufkbsfl= mhjvbcf lf cgbkty.bc fnjvt,ib [lt,f tktmnhjyt,bc<br />
uflfcdkf (xfdfhlyf) 4s mdtljyblfy 3d-pt= hbc itltuflfw<br />
fv tktvtynt,bc tktmnhjyek ajhvekt,c fmdc itvltub<br />
cf[t|<br />
24 Cr - 1s2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 5<br />
29 Cu - 1s2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 10<br />
bvbc vb[tldbs= se hjvtkb jh,bnfkb (s, p, d, f) erfdbf fnjvbc<br />
,jkj tktmnhjyc= ufyfc[dfdt,ty s, p, d lf f tktvtynt,c\ ^ f lf ^^ f<br />
mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,b vbtresdyt,f s-tktvtynt,c\ tktvtynt,b<br />
^^^ f -lfy &^^ f mdt/ueabc xfsdkbs vbtresdyt,f p-tktvtynt,c= ^ , -<br />
lfy &^^ , mdt/ueabc xfsdkbs _ d-tktvtynt,bf= [jkj kfysfyjblt,b<br />
lf fmnbyjblt,b _ f-tktvtynt,c ofhvjflutyc\<br />
fnjvbc fqyfuj,f lf gthbjlekj,bc rfyjyb<br />
fnjvbc fqyfuj,bc itcofdkfv lfudfyf[f= hjv tktvtynt,bc<br />
sdbct,t,b .bhbsflfl ufybcfpqdht,f fhf fnjvehb vfcbs= fhfvtl<br />
fnjvbc ,bhsdbc ve[nbc cblblbs\ fnjvbc ,bhsdbc ve[nbc cblbltptf<br />
lfvjrblt,ekb tktvtynbc 'dtkf sdbct,f lf fuhtsdt vbcb<br />
vlt,fhtj,f gthbjlek cbcntvfib\ fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs= wdkbkt,f<br />
ufybwflf l\b\ vtyltkttdbc gthbjlekj,bc rfyjybc ajhvekbht,fvfw|<br />
tktvtynbc sdbct,t,b= fuhtsdt vfsb yfthst,bc ajhvt,b<br />
lf sdbct,t,b gthbjlek lfvjrblt,ekt,fibf vfsb fnjvbc ,bhsdbc<br />
ve[nbc cblbltcsfy\<br />
vtyltkttdbc tktvtynsf gthbjlekb cbcntvf pecnfl ufvj[fnfdc<br />
gthbjlekj,bc rfyjyc lf= fvfcsfy thsfl= tktvtynbc<br />
fnjvbc fqyfuj,fc\<br />
fnjvbc fqyfuj,bc stjhbf rfhufl [cybc gthbjlek cbcntvfib<br />
tktvtynsf sdbct,t,bc gthbjlek wdkbkt,t,c\ fnjvbc ,bhsdbc<br />
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