zogadi da araorganuli qimia

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;fyudf-fqlutybsb htfmwbt,bc vbvlbyfhtj,f vybidytkjdyfl fhbc lfvjrblt,ekb ufhtvjpt\ c[dflfc[df ufhtvjib thsb lf bubdt v;fyufdbc lf fqvlutybc ehsbthsmvtlt,bc ghjlemnt,b itb.kt,f chekbfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb b'jc\ ufydb[bkjs KMnO -bc fqlutyf 4 yfnhbevbc cekabnbs (Na SO ) v;fdf= nent lf ytbnhfkeh 2 3 ufhtvjib\ f) v;fdf ufhtvj| 2KMn +7O + 5Na S 4 2 +4O + H SO �� K2SO + 2Mn 3 2 4 4 +2SO + 4 +5Na S 2 +6O + 3H O 4 2 Mn +7 + 5e �� Mn +2 2 v;fyufdb (fqluf) S +4 _ 2e ��S +6 5 fqvlutyb (lfb;fyuf) ,) nent ufhtvj| 2KMn +7O + Na S 4 2 +4O + 2KOH �� 2K Mn 3 2 +6O + Na S 4 2 +6O + 4 + 3H O 2 Mn +7 + e �� Mn +6 2 v;fyufdb (fqluf) S +4 _ 2e ��S +6 1 fqvlutyb (lfb;fyuf) u) ytbnhfkehb ufhtvj| 2KMn +7O + 3Na S 4 2 +4O + H O �� 2MnO + 3Na S 3 2 2 2 +6O + 4 +KOH Mn +7 + 3e �� Mn +4 2 v;fyufdb (fqluf) S +4 _ 2e ��S +6 3 fqvlutyb (lfb;fyuf) fmdt eylf fqdybiyjs= hjv e.kbthtcb fqvlutybf rfsjlb lf e.kbthtcb v;fyufdbf fyjlb\ SFDB * TKTMNHJMBVBF tktmnhjmbvbehb .f,dfsf vorhbdb ybdsbtht,t,bc ;fyudf-fqlutybsb sdbct,t,bc ths-ths cfpjvfl ufvjb'tyt,f cnfylfhnekb tktmnhekb gjntywbfkb= se hjvtkbvt kbsjyc xfdeidt,s sfdbcbdt vfhbkbc o'fk[cyfhib vfu\= Cu 2+ __ CuSO 4 lf Zn 2+ __ ZnSO 4 ofhvjmvybk cbcntvfib flubkb tmyt,f jhudfh ghjwtcc| f) vfhbkbc o'fk[cyfhblfy kbsjybc rfsbjyb itb.kt,f fqlutc lf lfbktmjc kbsjybc abhabnfpt= hflufyfw rfsbjyt,bc fqlutybcsdbc cfzbhjf tktmnhjyt,b\ fv tktmnhjyt,c bub bqt,c kbsjybc abhabnblfy= fvbnjv abhabnfpt bmyt,f tktmnhjyt,bc yfrkt,j,f\ n� 0 M � ne � M ,) kbsjybc fnjvt,b itb.kt,f lfb;fyujc\ fcts itvs[dtdfib kbsjybc bjyt,b uflflbc [cyfhib= [jkj ufysfdbceakt,ekb tktmnhjyt,b zfh,fl hxt,f kbsjybc abhabnfpt\ M ne M n 0 � � � kbsjyt,bc vblhtrbkt,f ;fyudbcfrty c[dflfc[dff lf lfvjrblt,ekbf vfs ,eyt,fpt\ vfu\= cgbkty.bc lf sesbbc itvs[dtdfib| sesbf ufwbkt,bs eahj fldbkfl ufcwtvc tktmnhjyt,c= dblht cgbkty.b\ se ybdsbtht,t,bc [cyfht,bc rjywtynhfwbt,b thsyfbhbf= vfiby sesbbc abhabnfpt udtmyt,f vtnb tktmnhjyt,b= dblht cgbkty.bc abhabnfpt\ rfsbjyt,c lf tktmnhjyt,c ijhbc tktmnhjcnfnbrehb vbpblekj,bc ufvj= abhabnbc vf[kj,kfl bmyt,f rfsbjyt,bc cbqfhb,t\ tc rb ufvjbodtdc jhvfub tktmnhekb ihbc ofhvjmvyfc= hfcfw sfdbcsfdfl vjcltdc gjntywbfksf c[dfj,bc ofhvjmvyf\ bvbcfsdbc= hjv itd.kjs c[dflfc[df tktmnhjlekb gjntywbfkbc itlfht,f= eylf itdfhxbjs cnfylfhnekb gbhj,t,b\ fctsb gbhj,t,bf| ntvgthfnehf 250 C= oytdf 1 fnv= rjywtynhfwbf 1 vjkb$k\ 106 107
tktmnhjyekb gjntywbfkt,bc f,cjkenehb cblbltt,bc ufpjvdf lqtbcsdbc ite.kt,tkbf= fvbnjv f,cjkenehb vybidytkj,t,bc vfubdhfl cfhut,kj,ty afhlj,bsb vybidytkj,t,bs= hjvtkbw bpjvt,f thstekfl vbqt,ek o'fk,flbc cnfylfhnek tktmnhjlek gjntywbfksfy itlfht,bs (w[h\ 2)\ w[hbkib vjwtvekbf kbsjyt,bc .f,dfsf vorhbdb\ tktmnhjlekb fghwtcbc ufynjkt,f Li + e _ = Li Rb + + e _ =Rb K + + e _ = K Cs + + e _ = Cs Ca 2+ + 2e _ = Ca Na + + e _ = Na Mg 2+ + 2e _ = Mg Al 3+ + 3e _ = Al Ti 2+ + 2e _ = Ti Mn 2+ + 2e _ = Mn Cr 2+ + 2e _ = Cr Zn 2+ + 2e _ = Zn Cr 5+ + 3e _ = Cr Fe 2+ + 2e _ = Fe Cd 2+ +2e _ = Cd kbsjyt,bc .f,dfsf vorhbdb cnfylfhnekbgjntywbfkb - 3,045 - 2,925 - 2,925 - 2,925 - 2,866 - 2,714 - 2,363 - 1,662 - 1,628 - 1,180 - 0,913 - 0,763 - 0,744 - 0,440 - 0,403 tktmnhjlekb fghwtcbc ufynjkt,f Co2+ + 2e_ = Co Ni2+ + 2e_ = Ni Sn2+ + 2e_ = Sn Pb3+ + 3e_ = Pb Fe3+ + 3e_ = Fe 2H + + 2e_ = H2 Bi3+ + 3e_ = Bi Cu2+ + 2e_ = Cu Cu + + e_ = Cu 2+ _ Hg + 2e = 2Hg 2 Ag + + e_ = Ag Hg + + e_ = Hg Pt2+ + 2e_ = Pt Au3+ + 3e_ = Au Au + + e_ = Au w[hbkb 2 cnfylfhnekbgjntywbfkb - 0,277 - 0,250 - 0,136 - 0,126 - 0,036 0 + 0,215 + 0,337 + 0,521 + 0,788 + 0,799 + 0,854 + 1,200 + 1,498 + 1,691 yt,bcvbthb kbsjybc mbvbehb sdbct,t,b ufhrdtekobkfl ufygbhj,t,ekbf bvbs= se hfvltyfl fldbkfl ufcwtvc tktmnhjyt,c\ se kbsjyt,c ufydfkfut,s vfsb ;fyudbc eyfhbc itvwbht,bc vb[tldbs= vbdbqt,s kbsjyt,bc .f,dbc tktmnjmbvbeh hbuc| Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, H, Cu, Ag, Pl, Au sbsjtekb kbsjyb o'fk[cyfhblfy f.tdt,c sfdbc itvlujv kbsjyc\ tktmnhjmbvbeh .f,dfsf vorhbdib vjsfdct,ekbf o'fk- ,flb= hflufyfw vfc= kbsjyt,bc vcufdcfl ite,kbf ofhvjmvyfc rfsbjyb H + \ bub tmdtvlt,fht,f bv rfyjypjvbtht,fc= hfcfw c[df kbsjyt,b\ rth.jl= o'fk,flbc oby vlujvb kbsjyt,b f.tdt,ty ufypfdt,ekb v;fdt,blfy o'fk,flc\ Zn � H SO � ZnSO � H 108 109 2 4(ufyp\) 4 2 o'fk,flbc itvltu fhct,ekb kbsjyt,b dth f.tdt,ty o'fk,flc ufypfdt,ekb v;fdt,blfy\ tktmnhjmbvbeh .f,dfsf vorhbdib o'fk- ,flbc vlt,fhtj,bs fhbc ufygbhj,t,ekb v;fdt,bc lf'jaf fhflfv;fyufd lf lfv;fyufd v;fdt,fl\ fhflfv;fyufdb v;fdt,b htfmwbfib itlbfy v[jkjl o'fk,flbc oby vlujv kbsjyt,sfy (v;fyufdbf o'fk,flbc bjyb)\ Zn � 2HCl � ZnCl 2 � H 2 2Al � 3H SO � Al ( SO ) � 3H 2 4 2 4 3 2 v;fyufdb v;fdt,b vjmvtlt,ty kbsjyt,sfy wtynhfkehb fnjvbc [fh/pt| 2Al � 6H 2SO4(rjyw\) � Al2 ( SO4 ) 3 � 3SO2 � 6H 2O Cu � 4HNO 3(rjyw\) � Cu( NO3 ) 2 � 2NO 2 � 2H 2O ufkdfyehb tktvtynb se jh c[dflfc[df abhabnfc xfdeidt,s tktmnhjkbnbc [cyfhib= vfs ijhbc fqb.dht,f gjntywbfksf c[dfj,f _ kbsjyb 1 $tktmnhjkbnbc [cyfhb$kbsjyb 2 \ fcts cbcntvfc tojlt,f ufkdfyehb tktvtynb\ gjntywbfksf c[dfj,bc ofhvjmvyf ufvjodtekbf kbsjyt,bc sdbct,bs uflfcwtc rfsbjyt,b [cyfhib\ sbsjtekb kbsjybc ptlfgbhsfy ofhvjbmvyt,f jhvfub tktmnhjyekb iht= hjvtkbw [tkc eikbc rfsbjyt,bc itvlujv uflfcdkfc\ se
Page 1 and 2:
m. cincaZe, n. maisuraZe, g. manvel
Page 3 and 4:
obyfvlt,fht cf[tkv.qdfytkj ufsdfkbc
Page 5 and 6: mbvbehb tktvtynb fnjvsf 'jdtk ufhrd
Page 7 and 8: 'jdtksdbc thsbc njkbf)= Ca= Ba= Mg
Page 9 and 10: xdtekt,hbd fbhbc cbvrdhbdtc ufycfpq
Page 11 and 12: SFDB ^^\ L\B\ VTYLTKTTDBC GTHBJLEKJ
Page 13 and 14: SFDB ^^^\ FHFJHUFYEK YFTHSSF >BHBSF
Page 15 and 16: nentt,sfy ehsbthsmvtlt,bcfc bcbyb f
Page 17 and 18: 3\ v;fdt,b itlbc htfmwbfib ae.tt,sf
Page 19 and 20: fvajnthekb ]blhjmcblb ae.bc sdbct,f
Page 21 and 22: 11\ pjubthsb v'fhb v;fdf jmcblbc it
Page 23 and 24: v;fdfc ajhvekf HF HCl HBr HI H 2 S
Page 25 and 26: A (Li) = 7 (0,927) + 6 (0073) = 6,
Page 27 and 28: wbsb rjjhlbyfnt,bc qth.bc vbvfhs\ d
Page 29 and 30: ve[nbc cblblbc phlf 1-lfy 116-vlt b
Page 31 and 32: cohfadbc hbw[j,hbdb vybidytkj,bc ph
Page 33 and 34: jhb d-jh,bnfkbc uflfafhdbs ofhvjbmv
Page 35 and 36: Cl Z=17 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5
Page 37 and 38: yf[ibh,flbc fnjvc fupyt,ek vlujvfht
Page 39 and 40: ;fyu,flbc ;fyudbc [fhbc[b 'dtkf yft
Page 41 and 42: dbceakfl uflfflubklt,f vstk rhbcnfk
Page 43 and 44: ht,bc vbvfhs 1 fnv\ oytdbc lf 250C-
Page 45 and 46: jhlbyfnsf qth.pt uflfpjvbkbf cbcntv
Page 47 and 48: cytkb fhbc bc rjvgjytynb= hjvtkbw v
Page 49 and 50: 1000�g 2 Mg1 �t � K t,\ fmtlf
Page 51 and 52: Ba(OH) 2 lf c[df\ cecnb tktmnhjkbnt
Page 53 and 54: vjkb$k\ fyufhbibc ufcfvfhnbdt,kfl i
Page 55: ;fyudf-fqlutybc htfmwbt,bc ufynjkt,
Page 59 and 60: tktmnhjkbpb v;fdt,b= nentt,b= vfhbk
Page 61 and 62: hrbybc lf ]blhjmcblbc bjyt,b ofhvjm
Page 63 and 64: o'fk,flbc yfhtdb ]fthsfy (vuhudbyfd
Page 65 and 66: jmcblb lf ]blhjmcblb\ yfnhbevb ofhv
Page 67 and 68: fldbkfl b[cyt,f hjujhw ufypfdt,ek=
Page 69 and 70: hflufy ufvj'jabkb Al(OH) 3 fvajnthe
Page 71 and 72: yf[ibh,flbc (^^) jmcblb _ CO v[esfd
Page 73 and 74: Si + O 2 ��SiO 2 fh b[cyt,f fhw
Page 75 and 76: fvbfrb fldbkfl itlbc htfmwbfib v;fd
Page 77 and 78: Au + HNO + 3HCl �� AuCl + NO +
Page 79 and 80: o'fk,flb ajcajhsfy lfrfdibht,ekbf t
Page 81 and 82: jpjyb keh/b athbc= vrdtshb ceybc vm
Page 83 and 84: ujubhlv;fdf .kbthb v;fyufdbf\ ufypf
Page 85 and 86: eylf fqbybiyjc= hjv mkjhb eiefkjl f
Page 87 and 88: mkjhfnt,b xdtekt,hbd gbhj,t,ib cfrv
Page 89 and 90: 2Cu + O 2 � 2CuO fy cgbkty.bc (^^
Page 91 and 92: Cr(OH) 3 + KOH � KCrO 2 + 2H 2 O
Page 93 and 94: Mn + H � 2 SO 4 MnSO 4 + H 2 ufyp
Page 95 and 96: vfkehb ;fyudbsb hbw[dbf +5= [jkj yb
Page 97 and 98: s[tdflb se/b lf oblf xfvjtlbyt,f me
Page 99 and 100: Fe 2 O 3 _ hrbybc (^^^) jmcblb Fe(O
Page 101 and 102: L lfybtk-bfrj,cbc ufkdfyehb tktvtyn
Page 103 and 104: ,eyt,hbdb yfthst,b jmcblt,b v;fdt,b
Page 105 and 106: sfdb * tktmnhjmbvbf................
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zogadi da araorganuli qimia

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