zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
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tktmnhjkbpb<br />
v;fdt,b= nentt,b= vfhbkt,b vbtresdyt,f tktmnhjkbnt,c\<br />
tktmnhekb ltybc uflfnfyf [lt,f bjyt,bc cfiefkt,bs= hjvkt-<br />
,bw velvbd vj.hfj,fibf\ ufkqj,bk vlujvfhtj,fib fy o'fk[cyfht,ib<br />
tktmnhjkbnt,b rfhub ufvnfht,bf\ se tktmnhjkbnbc<br />
o'fk[cyfhib xfdeidt,s kbsjybc jh abhabnfc (tktmnhjlt,c)<br />
lf itdethst,s velvbd ltybc o'fhjc= vfiby efh'jabs gjkecsfy<br />
itthst,ekb abhabnf bmyt,f rfsjlb= [jkj lflt,bs gjkecsfy<br />
itthst,ekb abhabnf _ fyjlb\ sfdbc v[hbd tktmnhjkbnbc<br />
[cyfhb itbwfdc lflt,bs lf efh'jabs bjyt,c\ lflt,bsb bjyt,b<br />
vbbpblt,f rfsjlbs= fvbnjv vfs rfsbjyt,c eojlt,ty\ itcf,fvbcfl=<br />
efh'jabs bjyt,c _ fybjyt,b tojlt,f\ rfsbjyb rfsjlbcufy bqt,c<br />
tktmnhjyt,c lf fqlut,f= t\b\ rfsjlb fqvlutytkbf lf ghjwtcbw<br />
[lt,f fqlutybc\ fybjyb rb gbhbmbs= fyjlc uflfcwtvc tktmnhjyt,c<br />
lf b;fyut,f= t\b\ fyjlb lfv;fyufdbf lf ghjwtcbw [lt,f lf-<br />
;fyudbc\<br />
tktmnhjkbnt,bc o'fk[cyfht,bc tktmnhjkbpbc lhjc=<br />
tktmnhjkbnbc bjyt,bc ufhlf= vjyfobktj,fc qt,ekj,c o'kbc<br />
vjktrekt,bw\ bcbyb thsvfytssfy velvbd rjyrehtywbfib fhbfy\<br />
tktmnhjlt,pt vj[lt,f bv bjyt,bc ufyve[ndf= hjvkt,cfw fmdc<br />
eahj lf,fkb ufyve[ndbc .f,df\ tktmnhjkbnsf o'fk[cyfht,ib<br />
rfsbjyt,bcfsdbc fhct,j,c rfsbjypt ufyve[ndbc itvltub hbub|<br />
fmnbehb kbsjyt,b| K + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ _ vfhnj H 2<br />
yfrkt, fmnbehb kbsjyt,b| Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ _ kbsjyb lf H 2<br />
rtsbkij,bkb kbsjyt,b| Cu 2+ , Ag + _ kbsjyb<br />
fmnbehb kbsjyt,bc fqlutyf [lt,f v[jkjl yfkqj,blfy|<br />
2NaCl � 2Na � 2Cl<br />
yfkqj,b<br />
� �<br />
K _ �<br />
2Na � 2e � 2Na<br />
A + 2 2 � 0<br />
Cl � e � Cl2<br />
0<br />
fybjyt,bcsdbc udfmdc itvltub hbub|<br />
2_ _ ;fyu,flitvwdtkb v;fehb yfisb| SO , NO3 lf c[df\ _ O2<br />
4<br />
e;fyu,flj v;fdt,bc v;fehb yfisb| Cl_ , Br_ , I_ lf c[df _ Cl , Br , I 2 2 2<br />
ptvjs fqybiyekb hbut,bc ufvj'tyt,bs itcf.kt,tkbf= obyfcofh<br />
ufydcfpqdhjs c[dflfc[df tktmnhjkbnt,bc o'fk[cyfht,bc<br />
tktmnhjkbpbc itltufl= rfsjlpt lf fyjlpt vbqt,ekb ghjlemnt,bc<br />
itlutybkj,f\ w[hbkib vjwtvekbf 'dtkfpt vtnfl<br />
ufdhwtkt,ekb tktmnhjkbnt,bc o'fk[cyfht,bc tktmnhjkbpbc<br />
lhjc ufvj'jabkb ghjlemnt,b (w[h\ 3)\<br />
tktmnhjkbnb<br />
HCl<br />
H 2 SO 4<br />
HNO 3<br />
NaOH<br />
CuCl 2<br />
ghjlemnt,b<br />
rfsjlb fyjlb<br />
112 113<br />
H 2<br />
H 2<br />
H 2<br />
H 2<br />
Cu<br />
Cl 2<br />
O 2<br />
O 2<br />
O 2<br />
Cl 2<br />
O 2<br />
tktmnhjkbnb<br />
CuSO 4<br />
NiSO 4<br />
NaCl<br />
Na 2 SO 4<br />
ghjlemnt,b<br />
rfsjlb fyjlb<br />
Cu<br />
Ni, H 2<br />
H 2<br />
H 2<br />
rjyrhtnek vfufkbspt ufydb[bkjs c[dflfc[df vfhbkbc<br />
o'fk[cyfht,bc tktmnhjkbpb\<br />
f) Na 2 SO 4 -bc o'fk[cyfhbc tktmnhjkbpb|<br />
Na SO � 2Na<br />
� SO<br />
K<br />
A<br />
2 4<br />
H2O � 2�<br />
4<br />
_ �<br />
2H 2O<br />
� 2e<br />
� H 2 � 2OH<br />
+ �<br />
2H2O � 4e<br />
� O2<br />
� 4H<br />
w[hbkb 3\<br />
O 2<br />
O 2<br />
Cl 2<br />
O 2
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