zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
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mbvbeh ,vt,c ,jkj ihbc s-tktmnhjyt,bcf lf ,jkjcobyf ihbc<br />
d-tktmnhjyt,bc [fh/pt ofhvjmvybc\ vfyufyevbc lf;fyuekj,bc<br />
hbw[db itb.kt,f b'jc +1-lfy +7-vlt= vfuhfv fqcfybiyfdbf= hjv<br />
vbcsdbc ;fyudbsb hbw[db +1 lf +5 yfrkt,fl lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf\<br />
vfyufyevbc fyfkjubehb ;fyudbsb hbw[dt,b f[fcbfst,c htybevcfw\<br />
vbcb yfthst,blfy 'dtkfpt vluhflbf bc yfthst,b= hjvkt,ibw<br />
;fyudbsb hbw[db +7-bc njkbf\ ntmytwbevbcsdbc lfvf[fcbfst-<br />
,tkbf ;fyudbsb hbw[dt,b _ +4= +6 lf +7\<br />
vfyufyevb lf vbcb mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,b yfthst,ib= hjvkt,ibw<br />
fv tktvtynt,bc ;fyudbsb hbw[db lf,fkbf= fv;qfdyt,c kbsjyeh<br />
sdbct,t,c\ se yfthst,ib fv tktvtynt,bc ;fyudbsb [fhbc[b<br />
vfqfkbf= vfiby v;qfdylt,f fhfkbsjyehb sdbct,t,b\<br />
vfyufyevb<br />
vfyufyevbc (Mn) tktmnhjyekb ajhvekff 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 4s 2 3d 5 =<br />
[jkj tktmnhjyekb cnhemnehf 3d lf 4s jh,bnfkt,bcsdbc<br />
fctsb cf[bcf|<br />
� ��� 3d��<br />
� 4s<br />
�����<br />
� � � � �<br />
���<br />
,eyt,fib ufdhwtkt,f| sfdbceafkb vfyufyevb ,eyt,fib bidbfsfl<br />
ud[dlt,f= vfuhfv lblb hfjltyj,bs fhbc ufdhwtkt,ekb yfthst,bc<br />
cf[bs\ vfyufyevbc .bhbsflb vbythfkt,bf| ]fecvfybnb _<br />
Mn 3 O 4 = ,hfeybnb _ Mn 2 O 3 = gbhjkepbnb _ MnO 2 = vfyufybnb<br />
_ Mn 2 O 3 . H2 O lf c[df\ ufhlf fvbcf= hrbybcf lf sesbbc pjubthsb<br />
vbythfkb c[dflfc[df hfjltyj,bs itbwfdc vfyufyevc\ hrbybcf lf<br />
vfyufyevbc itvwdtkb vflyt,b athjvfyufyevbcf lf vfyufyevbc itvwdtkb<br />
se/bcf lf ajkflbc vbcfqt,fl ufvjb'tyt,f\<br />
vbqt,f| kbsjyehb vfyufyevb vbbqt,f Mn 3 O 4 -lfy fkevbyjsthvbbs\<br />
sfdfl Mn 3 O 4 vbbqt,f gbhjkepbnbc 1000-1100 0 -pt uf-<br />
[eht,bs\<br />
3MnO 2 �� Mn 3 O 4 + O 2<br />
3Mn 3 O 4 + 8Al �� 9Mn + 4Al 2 O 3<br />
fkevbyjsthvbbs vbqt,ekb vfyufyevb itbwfdc 94-96% vfyufyevc<br />
lf 4-6% Fe, Si, Al vbyfhtdc\<br />
abpbrehb lf mbvbehb sdbct,t,b| vfyufyevb stshb dthw[kbct,hb<br />
kbsjybf\ ]fthpt bafht,f jmcblbc atybs= hjvtkbw<br />
itvlujvb lf;fyudbcufy bwfdc\ f[fcbfst,c .fkbfy vfqfkb tktmnhekb<br />
obyfqj,f lf fmdc gfhfvfuybnehb sdbct,t,b\<br />
vfyufyevbc mbvbehb sdbct,t,b vybidytkjdyfl fhbc lfvjrblt-<br />
,ekb vbc cbceasfdtpt= hflufy cek vwbht hfjltyj,bc vbyfhtdbw<br />
rb fhct,bsfl wdkbc vbc htfmwbbceyfhbfyj,fc\<br />
vfyufyevb vfqfk ntvgthfnehfpt ]fthpt fy ;fyu,flib bodbc<br />
lf ofhvjmvybc jmcblt,c= hjvtksf itvflutykj,f lfvjrblt,ekbf<br />
ntvgthfnehfpt\<br />
2Mn + O 2 �� 2MnO<br />
Mn + O 2 �� MnO 2<br />
4Mn + 3O 2 �� 2Mn 2 O 3<br />
3Mn + 2O 2 �� Mn 3 O 4<br />
vfyufyevbc htfmwbfib itcdkbc eyfhb lblbf\ bc sbsmvbc 'dtkf<br />
fhfkbsjysfy itlbc htfmwbfib\ fldbkfl bthst,c mkjhc= asjhc=<br />
fpjnbc fhtib 1200 0 -pt ffklt,f= hbc itltuflfw ofhvjbmvyt,f<br />
ybnhblb (Mn 3 N 2 )\ fctdt fmnbehfl ethslt,f ajcajhc= ujubhlc=<br />
cbkbwbevc= yf[ibh,flc lf f\i\<br />
ceasf= kbsjyehb vfyufyevb jsf[bc ntvgthfnehfpt fh ikbc<br />
o'fkc lf .fkbfy ytkf ehsbthsmvtlt,c o'kbc jhsmksfy Mn<br />
(II) ]blhjmcblbc ofhvjmvybs lf o'fk,flbc ufvj'jabs|<br />
Mn + 4H 2 O �� Mn(OH) 4 + 2H 2<br />
v;fdt,ib vfyufyevb fldbkfl b[cyt,f= hbc itltuflfw vbbqt,f<br />
Mn (II)-bc vfhbkt,b= vfufkbsfl=<br />
Mn + 2HCl �� MnCl 2 + H 2<br />
178 179
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