zogadi da araorganuli qimia

ujubhlv;fdf .kbthb v;fyufdbf\ ufypfdt,ek ujubhlv;fdfib
v;fyufdbf o'fk,flbc bjyb= fvbnjv vfcib b[cyt,f v[jkjl efh'jabsb
gjntywbfkbc vmjyt kbsjyt,b (o'fk,flbc oby vlujvb)\
Zn + H 2 SO 4 ��ZnSO 4 + H 2 �
rjywtynhbht,ek ujubhlv;fdfib v;fyufdbf ujubhlbc fnjvb
(+6) ;fyudbc hbw[dbs\ fvbnjv vfcib b[cyt,f hjujhw efh'jabsb=
bct lflt,bsb gjntywbfkbc vmjyt kbsjyt,b|
4Zn + 5H
2SO
4 � 4ZnSO
4 + H 2S
+ 4H
2O
rjyw\
Cu + 2H
2SO
4 � CuSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H
2O
rjyw\
rjywtynhbht,ekb ujubhlv;fdf vjmvtlt,c fhfkbsjyt,ptw|
C + 2H 2 SO 4 �� CO 2 + 2SO 2 + 2H 2 O
H 2 SO 4 jhae.bfyb .kbthb v;fdff\ ofhvjmvybc jhb cf[bc vfhbkt,c|
cfiefkj vfhbkt,c (cekafnt,b) lf v;fdf vfhbkt,c (]blhjcekafnt,b)\
vbcb vfhbkt,blfy evhfdktcj,f rfhufl b[cyt,f
o'fkib\ vwbhtl [cyflbf CaSO 4 lf ghfmnbrekfl e[cyflbf BaSO 4 =
SrSO lf PbSO \
4 4
-2 +2
SO -cekafn bjybc fqvjcfxtyfl b'tyt,ty Ba 4
bjyc\
2H SO + BaCl �� BaSO 2 4 2 4�
+ 2HCl
BaSO odhbklbcgthcekb stshb athbc yfktmbf= hjvtkbw
4
v;fdt,ibw rb fh b[cyt,f\
wbd rjywtynhbht,ek ujubhlv;fdfib fh b[cyt,f (ufgfcbdt,f)
hrbyf= mhjvb= fkevbyb lf c[df kbsjyt,b= fvbnjv rjyw\ ujubhlv;fdf
uflffmds ajkflbc wbcnthyt,bs\
ujubhlv;fdf rfhub o'fkofvhsvtdbf= fvbnjv vfc ofhvjt,fib
b'tyt,ty= hjujhw ufvihj,c\ bc feo'kjt,c yf[ibho'kt,c|
H SO
2 4
C12H 22O11
����
12C
+ 11H
2O
lbcfmfhjpf
ufvj'tyt,f\ ujubhlv;fdfc b'tyt,ty cbystpehb mcjdbkt,bc
ofhvjt,fib= cfcemt,bc (vfhnbdb cegthajcafnb)= fcfatsmt,tkb
ybdsbtht,t,bc= cfhtw[b cfiefkt,t,bc= tvekufnjht,bc= cfvrehyfkj
ghtgfhfnt,bc vbcfqt,fl= fyjlehb lf;fyudbcfc= n'dbbc frevekfnjht,ib
lf c[df\
&^^ /ueabc p-tktvtynt,b
gthbjlekb cbcntvbc vtidblt /ueabc vsfdfhb mdt/ueabc p
tktvtynt,bf| asjhb _ F= mkjhb _ Cl= ,hjvb _ Br= bjlb _ J
lf fcnfnb _ At\ tc tktvtynt,b wyj,bkbf ]fkjutyt,bc cf[tkojlt,bs\
cbn'df ]fkjutyb vfhbkv,flc ybiyfdc\
]fkjutyt,b eiefkjl ethslt,f kbsjyt,c lf ofhvjbmvyt,f
vfhbkt,b= t\o\ ]fkblt,b\
]fkjutyt,bc fnjvt,c cfdfktynj ihtpt fmdc 7 tktmnhjyb\
cfdfktynj ihbc pjuflb tktmnhjyekb ajhvekff ns 2 np 5 \ ]fkjutyt,bc
fnjvt,bc ufht tktmnhjyekb ihbc vcufdcb fqyfuj,bs
fb[cyt,f vfsb sdbct,t,bc vcufdct,f\
]fkjutyt,bc fnjvt,c cfdfktynj ihbc lfchekt,fvlt frkbf
thsb tktmnhjyb\ ]fkjutyb fv thsb tktmnhjybc vbthst,fc fldbkfl
f[th[t,c lf bve[nt,f efh'jabsfl (t\b\ ;fyudbsb hbw[db
-1 njkbf)\ ]fkjutyt,bc fnjvt,c fctdt fldbkfl ite.kbf tktmnhjyt,bc
ufwtvfw (F-bc fnjvbc ufhlf) lf itcf,fvbcfl bve[nt,f
lflt,bsfl\ vfssdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf ;fyudbsb hbw[db +1, +3,
+5 lf +7\
]fkjutyt,b nbgehb fhfkbsjyt,bf\ vfsufy gthbjlekb cbcntvbc
tktvtynsf ijhbc 'dtkfpt fmnbehb fhfkbsjybf asjhb
(fctdt [fcbfslt,f 'dtkfpt vfqfkb tktmnhjefh'jabsj,bs _ 4=1)\
xdtekt,hbd gbhj,t,ib asjhb lf mkjhb fbhflb ybdsbtht-
,t,bf= ,hjvb _ s[tdflb= [jkj bjlb lf fcnfnb v'fhbf\ fbhfl vlujvfhtj,fib
]fkjutyt,b jhfnjvbfyb vjktrekt,bcufy itlut,f (F 2 ,
Cl 2 , ...)\
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