zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
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tktmnhjyekb gjntywbfkt,bc f,cjkenehb cblbltt,bc ufpjvdf<br />
lqtbcsdbc ite.kt,tkbf= fvbnjv f,cjkenehb vybidytkj,t,bc<br />
vfubdhfl cfhut,kj,ty afhlj,bsb vybidytkj,t,bs= hjvtkbw<br />
bpjvt,f thstekfl vbqt,ek o'fk,flbc cnfylfhnek tktmnhjlek<br />
gjntywbfksfy itlfht,bs (w[h\ 2)\ w[hbkib<br />
vjwtvekbf kbsjyt,bc .f,dfsf vorhbdb\<br />
tktmnhjlekb fghwtcbc<br />
ufynjkt,f<br />
Li + e _ = Li<br />
Rb + + e _ =Rb<br />
K + + e _ = K<br />
Cs + + e _ = Cs<br />
Ca 2+ + 2e _ = Ca<br />
Na + + e _ = Na<br />
Mg 2+ + 2e _ = Mg<br />
Al 3+ + 3e _ = Al<br />
Ti 2+ + 2e _ = Ti<br />
Mn 2+ + 2e _ = Mn<br />
Cr 2+ + 2e _ = Cr<br />
Zn 2+ + 2e _ = Zn<br />
Cr 5+ + 3e _ = Cr<br />
Fe 2+ + 2e _ = Fe<br />
Cd 2+ +2e _ = Cd<br />
kbsjyt,bc .f,dfsf vorhbdb<br />
cnfylfhnekbgjntywbfkb<br />
- 3,045<br />
- 2,925<br />
- 2,925<br />
- 2,925<br />
- 2,866<br />
- 2,714<br />
- 2,363<br />
- 1,662<br />
- 1,628<br />
- 1,180<br />
- 0,913<br />
- 0,763<br />
- 0,744<br />
- 0,440<br />
- 0,403<br />
tktmnhjlekb<br />
fghwtcbc ufynjkt,f<br />
Co2+ + 2e_ = Co<br />
Ni2+ + 2e_ = Ni<br />
Sn2+ + 2e_ = Sn<br />
Pb3+ + 3e_ = Pb<br />
Fe3+ + 3e_ = Fe<br />
2H + + 2e_ = H2 Bi3+ + 3e_ = Bi<br />
Cu2+ + 2e_ = Cu<br />
Cu + + e_ = Cu<br />
2+ _ Hg + 2e = 2Hg<br />
2<br />
Ag + + e_ = Ag<br />
Hg + + e_ = Hg<br />
Pt2+ + 2e_ = Pt<br />
Au3+ + 3e_ = Au<br />
Au + + e_ = Au<br />
w[hbkb 2<br />
cnfylfhnekbgjntywbfkb<br />
- 0,277<br />
- 0,250<br />
- 0,136<br />
- 0,126<br />
- 0,036<br />
0<br />
+ 0,215<br />
+ 0,337<br />
+ 0,521<br />
+ 0,788<br />
+ 0,799<br />
+ 0,854<br />
+ 1,200<br />
+ 1,498<br />
+ 1,691<br />
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bvbs= se hfvltyfl fldbkfl ufcwtvc tktmnhjyt,c\<br />
se kbsjyt,c ufydfkfut,s vfsb ;fyudbc eyfhbc itvwbht,bc vb[tldbs=<br />
vbdbqt,s kbsjyt,bc .f,dbc tktmnjmbvbeh hbuc|<br />
Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, H, Cu, Ag, Pl, Au<br />
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kbsjyc\ tktmnhjmbvbeh .f,dfsf vorhbdib vjsfdct,ekbf o'fk-<br />
,flb= hflufyfw vfc= kbsjyt,bc vcufdcfl ite,kbf ofhvjmvyfc rfsbjyb<br />
H + \ bub tmdtvlt,fht,f bv rfyjypjvbtht,fc= hfcfw c[df kbsjyt,b\<br />
rth.jl= o'fk,flbc oby vlujvb kbsjyt,b f.tdt,ty ufypf-<br />
dt,ekb v;fdt,blfy o'fk,flc\<br />
Zn � H SO � ZnSO � H<br />
108 109<br />
2 4(ufyp\) 4 2<br />
o'fk,flbc itvltu fhct,ekb kbsjyt,b dth f.tdt,ty o'fk,flc<br />
ufypfdt,ekb v;fdt,blfy\ tktmnhjmbvbeh .f,dfsf vorhbdib o'fk-<br />
,flbc vlt,fhtj,bs fhbc ufygbhj,t,ekb v;fdt,bc lf'jaf fhflfv;fyufd<br />
lf lfv;fyufd v;fdt,fl\<br />
fhflfv;fyufdb v;fdt,b htfmwbfib itlbfy v[jkjl o'fk,flbc<br />
oby vlujv kbsjyt,sfy (v;fyufdbf o'fk,flbc bjyb)\<br />
Zn � 2HCl � ZnCl 2 � H 2<br />
2Al � 3H SO � Al ( SO ) � 3H<br />
2 4 2 4 3 2<br />
v;fyufdb v;fdt,b vjmvtlt,ty kbsjyt,sfy wtynhfkehb fnjvbc<br />
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2Al � 6H<br />
2SO4(rjyw\)<br />
� Al2<br />
( SO4<br />
) 3 � 3SO2<br />
� 6H<br />
2O<br />
Cu � 4HNO 3(rjyw\) � Cu( NO3 ) 2 � 2NO 2 � 2H<br />
2O<br />
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ufkdfyehb tktvtynb\ gjntywbfksf c[dfj,bc ofhvjmvyf ufvjodtekbf<br />
kbsjyt,bc sdbct,bs uflfcwtc rfsbjyt,b [cyfhib\ sbsjtekb<br />
kbsjybc ptlfgbhsfy ofhvjbmvyt,f jhvfub tktmnhjyekb<br />
iht= hjvtkbw [tkc eikbc rfsbjyt,bc itvlujv uflfcdkfc\ se
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