zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
zogadi da araorganuli qimia
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hflufy ufvj'jabkb Al(OH) 3 fvajnthekbf= fvbnjv yfnhbevbc<br />
nent eylf lfdfvfnjs odts-odtsfl\ c[df itvs[dtdfib yfktmb<br />
ufb[cyt,f\<br />
Al(OH) 3 -bc vbqt,bcfc yfnhbevbc nenbc vfubdhfl c/j,c ufvjdb'tyjs<br />
cecnb nent NH 4 OH<br />
Al 2 (SO 4 ) + 6NH 4 OH � 2Al(OH) 3 + 3(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4<br />
Al(OH) 3 _ b[cyt,f v;fdfibw lf zfh, nentibw\<br />
2Al(OH) 3 + 3H 2 SO 4 � Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 6H 2 O (ae.bc sdbct,f)<br />
Al(OH) 3 + NaOH + 2H 2 O � Na[Al(OH) 4 (H 2 O) 2 ] (v;fdbc sdbct,f)<br />
ufvj'tyt,f\ fkevbyb .bhbsflfl ufvjb'tyt,f ityflyj,t,ib\ lfvfnt,t,bc<br />
it'dfybcfc fkevbybc cbvfuht bphlt,f= vfuhfv vwbhlt,f<br />
rjhjpbekb vluhflj,f\ fkevbybc ityflyj,t,b= hjvkt,bw itbwfdc<br />
cgbkty.c lf vwbht hfjltyj,bs vfuybevc _ vluhflbf\ fctsbf<br />
lehfkevbyb (5% Cu lf 2% Mg)\ wyj,bkbf fkevbybc ,hby/fj (Cu<br />
_ 5-10%)\ ufvjb'tyt,f [ehlf aekbc lfcfvpflt,kfl\<br />
fkevbybc ityflyj,t,c b'tyt,ty sdbsvahbyfdvityt,kj,fib\<br />
ufvjb'tyt,f hjujhw rfhub fqvlutytkb vtnfkehubfib\ fv<br />
vtsjlc fkevbyjsthvbf tojlt,f|<br />
3Fe 3 O 4 + 8Al � 9Fe + 4Al 2 O 3<br />
^& /ueabc p_tktvtynt,b<br />
yf[ibh,flb<br />
pjuflb lf[fcbfst,f| gthbjlekb cbcntvbc ^& /ueabc vsfdfhb<br />
mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,bf| yf[ibh,flb _ C= cbkbwbevb _ Si= uthvfybevb<br />
_ Ge= rfkf _ Sn= n'dbf _ Pb\ mdt/ueaib ptdblfy mdtdbs<br />
bphlt,f fnjvbc hflbecb= rkt,ekj,c bjybpfwbbc gjntywbfkb=<br />
fvbnjv ptdblfy mdtdbs vwbhlt,f fhfkbsjyehb sdbct,t,b\ yf[ibh,flb<br />
lf cbkbwbevb nbgehb fhfkbsjyt,bf\ uthvfybevc erfdbf<br />
iefktlehb vlujvfhtj,f= [jkj rfkfcf lf n'dbfib kbsjyehb<br />
sdbct,t,b zfh,j,c\ fv mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,c cfdfktynj ihtpt<br />
fmdc js[b tktmnhjyb ns 2 np 2 (n _ gthbjlbc yjvthbf)= fvbnjv<br />
yfthst,ib bcbyb .bhbsflfl js[dfktynbfybf= sevwf jhbc njkb<br />
dfktynj,fw lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf (Si-bc ufhlf)\<br />
,eyt,fib ufdhwtkt,f| yf[ibh,flb ,eyt,fib ufdhwtkt,ekbf<br />
hjujhw sfdbceafk vlujvfhtj,fib= fctdt yfthst,bc cf[bs\ fhct,j,c<br />
yf[ibh,flbc cfvb fkjnhjgbekb cf[twdkbkt,f| fkvfcb=<br />
uhfabnb= [bc yf[ibhb (rfh,byb)\ vfsb fkjnhjgbbc cfae.dtkb<br />
fhbc rhbcnfkehb vtchbc c[dflfc[dfj,f\<br />
,eyt,hbdb yfthst,blfy fkvfcb 'dtkfpt vfufhbf\ vbcb lfveifdt,bs<br />
vbbqt,f .dbhafcb cfbedtkbhj mdf _ ,hbkbfynb\ [bc yf[ibhc<br />
fmdc flcjh,wbbc lblb eyfhb= ajht,bfyb cnhemnehbc ufvj\<br />
uffmnbdt,ek yf[ibhc fh ite.kbf o'kbc jhsmkbc isfysmvf= cfvfubthjl<br />
rfhufl isfysmfdc bctsb ybdsbtht,t,bc jhsmkc= hjujhbwff<br />
,typjkb= njkejkb= cgbhnb lf c[dflfc[df vjvofvdktkb<br />
ybdsbtht,f\ yf[ibhbc tc sdbct,f ptkbycrbv ufvjb'tyf fbhobyfqt,ib\<br />
,eyt,fib yf[ibh,flb ufdhwtkt,ekbf| rfh,jyfnt,bc [wfhwb=<br />
rbhmdf= vfhvfhbkj (CaCO 3 )+ ljkjvbnb (CaCO 3 .MgCO 3 )] lf<br />
]blhjrfh,jyfnt,bc [Mg(HCO 3 ) 2 , Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 ] cf[bs\<br />
lblb hfjltyj,bs yf[ibh,flc itbwfdc ,eyt,hbdb cfodfdb _<br />
yfdsj,b= mdfyf[ibhb= cfodfdb fbht,b\<br />
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