zogadi da araorganuli qimia

ve[nbc cblblbc phlf 1-lfy 116-vlt bodtdc tktvtynt,bc ufht
tythutnbrekb ljybc fqyfuj,bc gthbjlek ufyvtjht,fc lf hflufy
tktvtynt,bc sdbct,t,b .bhbsflfl lfvjrblt,ekbf ufht ihbc
tktmnhjyt,bc hfjltyj,fpt= fvbnjv bcbyb gthbjlekfl vtjhlt,f\
fvfibf gthbjlekb cbcntvbc abpbrehb fhcb\
vfufkbsbcsdbc ufydb[bkjs ^^= ^^^ lf ^& gthbjlt,bc lfcfo'bcib
vjsfdct,ekb tktvtynt,b _ Li _ 2 \ 1= Na _ 2 \ 8 \ 1= K _ 2 \ 8 \ 8 \ 1\
vfs ufht ihtpt fhbc 1s tktmnhjyb lf fvbnjvfw fv;qfdyt,ty
vcufdc sdbct,t,c\ bcbyb tktmnhjyekb ihbc lfcfchekt,kfl fldbkfl
ufcwtvty fv ths tktmnhjyc= hfw ufyfgbhj,t,c vfs kbsjyeh
sdbct,t,c= [jkj fv gthbjlbc ,jkjib vjsfdct,ek tktvtynt,c
ufht ihtpt fmds 8 tktmnhjyb (s 2 p 6 )\ vfsb ufht iht lfchekt,tkbf\
tc tktvtynt,b bythnekb fbht,bf (Ne, Ar, Kr)\
vwbht gthbjlt,ib fnjvuekbc lflt,bsb ve[nbc cblblbc
phlfcsfy thsfl ufht ihtpt tktmnhjyt,bc hbw[db bphlt,f (1lfy
2-vlt ^ gthbjlib lf 1-lfy 8-vlt ^^ lf ^^^ gthbjlt,ib)= hfw
[cybc tktvtynt,bc sdbct,t,bc wdkbkt,fc kbsjyehblfy (gthbjlt,bc
lfcfo'bcib) fhfkbsjyt,bcfrty (gthbjlt,bc ,jkjc)\ gthbjlt,bc
lfcfo'bcib= ufhlf ^ gthbjlbcf= vjsfdct,ekbf nent
kbsjyt,b= itvltu kbsjyehb sdbct,t,b sfylfsfyj,bs cecnlt,f
lf bphlt,f fhfkbsjyehb sdbct,t,b\ cfdfktynj ihtib tktmnhjyt,bc
hbw[dbc phlfcsfy thsfl vwbhlt,f tktmnhjyt,bc ufwtvbc
eyfhb lf bphlt,f tktmnhjyt,bc vbthst,bc eyfhb\ hfw
eahj fldbkfl ufcwtvc tktvtynbc fnjvb tktmnhjyt,c= vbs eahj
vrdtshfl tmyt,f ufvjv;qfdyt,ekb kbsjyehb sdbct,t,b+ hfw
eahj fldbkfl vbbthst,c tktvtynbc fnjvb tktmnhjyt,c= vbs
eahj vrdtshfl tmyt,f ufvjv;qfdyt,ekb fhfkbsjyehb sdbct,t,b\
lblb gthbjlbc keo vorhbdt,ib fnjvuekbc ve[nbc cblblbc
phlbcfc ufht ihtib tktmnhjyt,bc hfjltyj,f hxt,f velvbdb
lf nbkb 2-bc fy 1-bc= fvbnjv= cfyfv ,jkjc obyf ihbc itdct,f
vbvlbyfhtj,c= tktvtynt,bc sdbct,t,b fv hbut,ib ufycfresht,bs
ytkf bwdkt,f+ [jkj lblb gthbjlt,bc rtyn vorhbdt,ib fnjvbc
,bhsdbc ve[nbc cblblbc phlfcsfy thsfl bphlt,f tktmnhjyt,bc
hfjltyj,f (1-lfy 8-vlt) ufht ihtib= hbc ufvjw tktvtynt,bc
sdbct,t,bc wdkbkt,f rdkfd vrdtshfl vbvlbyfhtj,c\
fnjvbc fqyfuj,f rfhufl [cybc vsfdfhb lf sfyfehb mdt/ueat,bc
fhct,j,fc\ tc lf'jaf ufygbhj,t,ekbf bvbs= hjv tktvtynt,c
tythutnbrekb ljytt,b tktmnhjyt,bs c[dflfc[dfyfbhfl
tdct,f\ rth.jl= vsfdfhb mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,c tdct,f s mdtljyt
(s tktvtynt,c) fy p mdtljyt (p tktvtynt,c) ufht ihbcf\ sfyfehb
mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,c tdct,f ufhtcobyf ihbc d mdtljyt (d tktvtynt,b)=
[jkj kfysfyjblt,c lf fmnbyjblt,c itcf,fvbcfl 4f lf
5f mdtljytt,b\
fvudfhfl= sbsjtek mdt/ueaib ufthsbfyt,ekbf tktvtynt,b=
hjvtksf fnjvt,cfw fmdc tktmnhjyekb ihtt,bc vcufdcb fqyfuj,f\
fvfcsfy= vsfdfhb mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,bc ufht ihbc tktmnhjyt,bc
hbw[db tvs[dtdf /ueabc yjvthc= [jkj sfyfehb
mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,bc fnjvt,c rb fmdc jhb fy thsb tktmnhjyb\
cojhtl tc ufyc[dfdt,f fqyfuj,fib ufyfgbhj,t,c vfsb sdbct,t,bc
c[dflfc[dfj,fc= hbc ufvjw bcbyb vjsfdct,ekb fhbfy thsb lf bubdt
/ueabc c[dflfc[df mdt/ueaib\ fct vfufkbsfl= &^^ /ueabc vsfdfh
mdt/ueaib vjsfdct,ekbf ]fkjutyt,b= hjvtksf fnjvt,c ufht
ihtpt fmdc 7 tktmnhjyb= [jkj sfyfeh mdt/ueaib vjsfdct,ek
Mn-bc mdt/ueabc tktvtynt,c _ 2 tktmnhjyb\ gbhdtkb nbgehb
fhfkbsjyt,bf= [jkj vtjht _ kbsjyt,b= vfuhfv fv /ueabc tktvtynt,c
cfthsj sdbct,fw fmdc= rth.jl bc= hjv vfsb fnjvt,b
htfmwbfib vjyfobktj,c 7-7 tktmnhjybs= t\b\ mbvbehb ,vf ofhvjbmvyt,f
7- tktmnhjybs (ufvjyfrkbcbf F)\ fvbs fhbc ufygbhj,t-
,ekb vfsb vcufdct,f= vfuhfv bjlbc fnjvc cfdfktynj tktmnhjyt-
,b fnjv,bhsdblfy eahj lfijht,ekb fmdc= dblht asjhc= hbc ufvjw
bjlbc fnjvc cecnfl fmdc itrfdibht,ekb tc tktmnhjyt,b lf
fvbnjv bjlbc fnjvt,b fldbkfl ufcwtvc tktmnhjyt,c lf ite.kbf
kbsjyehb sdbct,t,bc ufvjv;qfdyt,f= hfcfw dth dbn'dbs asjhpt\
fctsbdt rfyjypjvbtht,f itbvxytdf lfyfhxty /ueat,ibw\ fctsb
vblujvbs fb[cyt,f H-bc vlt,fhtj,f thslhjekfl gthbjlekb
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