zogadi da araorganuli qimia

vjkb$k\ fyufhbibc ufcfvfhnbdt,kfl itvjqt,ekb bmyf o'fk-
,flehb vfxdtyt,tkb _ pH= hjvtkbw fhbc [H + ] bjyt,bc rjywtynhfwbbc
it,heyt,ekb cblblbc kjufhbsvb\
1
pH � lg
H
� � �
xdtyb itvs[dtdbcfsdbc ([H + ]=1 \ 10 _3 vjkb$k) udtmyt,f
1
pH lg 3 3 �
� � \ itcf,fvbcfl= [OH_ ] bjyt,bc rjywtynhfwbf
�10 �
bmyt,f 11\
pH cblblt ufvjb'tyt,f [cyfht,bc ufhtvjc lfcflutyfl|
pH7 _ nent ufhtvj+
pH=7 _ ytbnhfkehb ufhtvj\
vfhbksf ]blhjkbpb
]blhjkbpb ytbnhfkbpfwbbc it,heyt,ekb ghjwtcbf= hjvkbc
lhjcfw ofhvjbmvyt,f vwbhtl lbcjwbht,ekb ghjlemnb\
]blhjkbpbc itcf.kt,kj,f lf [fhbc[b ufybcfpqdht,f vfhbkbc
,eyt,bs= fye bv v;fdbcf lf ae.bc cb.kbthbs= hjvkt,bcufyfw fhbc
itlutybkb vjwtvekb vfhbkb\
cb.kbthbc vb[tldbs ufyfc[dfdt,ty .kbth lf cecn v;fdt,c
lf ae.tt,c\
cecnb v;fdt,bf| HNO 2 , H 2 CO 3 , CH 3 COOH, HF, H 2 S,
H 2 SO 3 lf f\i\
.kbthb v;fdt,bf| HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HBr, HJ, HClO 4 lf f\i\
cecnb ae.tt,bf| NH 4 OH, Cu(OH) 2 , Fe(OH) 2 , Mn(OH) 2 ,
Al(OH) 3 , Be(OH) 2 , Zn(OH) 2 lf f\i\
.kbthb ae.tt,bf| LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, Ca(OH) 2 ,
Sr(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 lf f\i\
vfhbkt,b itb.kt,f lfd'js js[ .bhbsfl /ueafl|
1\ .kbthb nenbc lf cecnb v;fdfc vfhbkb+
2\ .kbthb v;fdfc lf cecnb ae.bc vfhbkb+
3\ cecnb v;fdfc lf cecnb ae.bc vfhbkb+
4\ .kbthb v;fdfc lf .kbthb nenbc vfhbkb\
ufydb[bkjs sbsjtekb vfsufyb\
1\ .kbthb nenbc lf cecnb v;fdfc vfhbkb\ ufydb[bkjs
NaNO ]blhjkbpb (fybjyehb ]blhjkbpb)\ fqybiyekb vfhbkb
2
lbcjwbhlt,f| NaNO �Na 2 + _ + + NO \ yfnhbevbc rfsbjyb Na dth
2
it,jzfdc o'kbc ]blhjmcblbc bjyt,c= hflufy NaOH .kbthb ne-
_ ntf\ ybnhbnbjyb NO ,jzfdc o'fk,flbc bjyt,c= hflufy ofh-
2
vjmvybkb fpjnjdfyb v;fdf (HNO ) cecnbf lf bub vwbhtl lbcj-
2
wbht,c\
NaNO + H O � NaOH + HNO 2 2 2
Na + _ + NO2 _ NO2 100 101
+ H 2 O � Na+ OH _ + HNO 2
+ H 2 O � Na+ + OH _ + HNO 2
pH>7
fvhbufl= vfhbkb= hjvtkbw vbqt,ekbf .kbthb nenbc lf
cecnb v;fdbcufy= ]blhjkbpbc lhjc ofhvjmvybc nent ufhtvjc\
2\ .kbthb v;fdbcf lf cecnb ae.bcufy ofhvjmvybkb vfhbkb\
ufydb[bkjs NH 4 Cl-bc ]blhjkbpb (rfsbjyehb ]blhjkbpb)\
NH 4 Cl + H 2 O � NH 4 OH + HCl
+ _ NH + Cl 4
+ H 2 O � NH 4 OH + H+ + Cl _
+ NH + H2O � NH OH + H 4
4 + pH