yt,ehfl ofhvjmvybfy bjyt,c\ fcts [cyfht,c vfy eojlf tktmnhjkbnt,b\ bvbcfsdbc= hjv tktmnhjkbnt,bc [cyfht,bw vjmwtekb'j fhtybecbc stjhbbc xfhxjt,ib= dfyn-]javf itvjbqj bpjnjyehb rjtabwbtynb i\ bub udbxdtyt,c tktmnhjkbnsf [cyfht,ib tmcgthbvtynekfl ufycfpqdhekb jcvjcehb oytdf= leqbkbc ntvgthfnehbc fotdf= uf'bydbc ntvgthfnehbc lfotdf= hfvlty/th vtnbf stjhbekfl ufvjsdkbk cblbltpt\ p = iRTC fhtybecvf lfflubyf= hjv 'dtkf [cyfhb= hjvtkbw cfzbhjt,c i bpjnjyehb rjtabwbtynbc itvjqt,fc= fhbc tktmnhjkbnb\ SFDB &^^^ TKTMNHJKBNSF {CYFHT
Ba(OH) 2 lf c[df\ cecnb tktmnhjkbnt,bf| pjubthsb vbythfkehb v;fdf _ H 2 CO 3 , H 2 SO 3 , HNO 2 lf c[df= kbsjyt,bc ,tdhb ]blhjmcblb= vfs ijhbc nent _ NH 4 OH\ .kbthbf tktmnhjkbnb se vbcb ��30%-pt= cfiefkj .fkbc tktmnhjkbnbc ��vth'tj,c 3- 30%-vlt= [jkj cecnb tktmnhjkbnbf= se vbcb ����\ lbcjwbfwbbc [fhbc[b lfvjrblt,ekbf c[dflfc[df afmnjhpt| f) ufypfdt,fpt| lbcjwbfwbbc [fhbc[b bphlt,f ufypfdt,bcfc\ vfufkbsfl= 100%-bfyb H 2 SO 4 ghfmnbrekfl fh itbwfdc bjyt,c\ fvbnjv bub htfmwbbceyfhbfyb fh fhbc (fh vjmvtlt,c kbsjyt,sfy)= vfiby= hjwf ufypfdt,bcfc vbcb fmnbehj,f vrdtshfl bphlt,f\ ,) tktmnhjkbnbc ,eyt,fpt| vfufkbsfl= 0=1N vfhbkv;fdfc lbcjwbfwbbc [fhbc[b 18 0 C-pt fhbc 92%\ bvfdt ntvgthfnehfpt 0,1N ,jhv;fdfc lbcjwbfwbbc [fhbc[b ��= 0,01%\ u) ufv[cytkbc ,eyt,fpt= hjvtkbw sfdbc v[hbd lfvjrblt,ekbf vbc lbtktmnhbrek itqotdflj,fpt\ hfw eahj vtnbf ufv[cytkbc lbtktmnhbrekb velvbdf= vbs yfrkt,bf bjyt,c ijhbc vjmvtlb tktmnhjcnfnbrehb .fkf\ q1 � q2 F � , D� r cflfw q lf q _ c[dflfc[dfybiybfyb bjyt,bf= r _ bjyt,c ijhbc 1 2 vfy.bkb\ o'kbcsdbc D = 80= [jkj yfdsib _ D = 2,3\ fvbnjv o'fkib ufwbkt,bs fldbkfl [lt,f lbcjwbfwbf\ l) ntvgthfnehfpt| ntvgthfnehbc ufphlbcfc cecnb tktmnhjkbnt,bc lbcjwbfwbbc [fhbc[b bphlt,f= .kbthb tktmnhjkbnt,bc rb gbhbmbs= vwbhlt,f\ v;fdt,bc= ae.tt,bc= vfhbkt,bc tktmnhjkbnehb lbcjwbfwbf tktmnhjkbnehb lbcjwbfwbbc stjhbbc sdfkcfphbcbs= v;fdf tktmnhjkbnbf= hjvtkbw lbcjwbbc lhjc rfsbjybc cf[bs ofhvjmvybc v[jkjl o'fk,flbc bjyc\ HCl � H + + Cl _ vhfdfkae.bfyb v;fdt,b lbcjwbhlt,f cfat[eht,hbdfl| H SO � H 2 4 + _ + HSO4 _ + 2_ HSO � H + SO4 4 H SO � 2H 2 4 + 2_ + SO4 ae.t tktmnhjkbnbf= hjvtkbw lbcjwbfwbbc lhjc efh- 'jabsb bjybc cf[bs (fybjyb) ofhvjmvybc v[jkjl ]blhjmcblbc OH _ bjyc\ ae.tt,b= hjvkt,bw itbwfdc thspt vtn ]blhjmcblbc bjyc= lbcjwbhlt,f cfat[eht,hbdfl\ Ca(OH) 2 � CaOH + + OH _ CaOH + � Ca 2+ + OH _ Ca(OH) 2 � Ca 2+ + 2OH _ fvajnthekb ae.tt,b lbcjwbhlt,f hjujhw v;fdf= bct _ ae- .t\ fvajnthekb ae.tt,b e[cyflbf= vfuhfv vwbht yfobkb vfbyw lbcjwbhlt,f| 96 97 �Zn( OH) � 2� � 2H 2O � �2 Zn � 2OH � Zn( OH) 2 ���� 2H � 4 ae.t v; fdf cfiefkj vfhbkt,b lbcjwbhlt,f kbsjybc lflt,bs lf v;fdehb yfisbc efh'jabs bjyt,fl\ NaCl � Na + + Cl _ Al (SO ) � 2Al 2 4 3 3+ 2_ + 3SO4
- Page 1 and 2: m. cincaZe, n. maisuraZe, g. manvel
- Page 3 and 4: obyfvlt,fht cf[tkv.qdfytkj ufsdfkbc
- Page 5 and 6: mbvbehb tktvtynb fnjvsf 'jdtk ufhrd
- Page 7 and 8: 'jdtksdbc thsbc njkbf)= Ca= Ba= Mg
- Page 9 and 10: xdtekt,hbd fbhbc cbvrdhbdtc ufycfpq
- Page 11 and 12: SFDB ^^\ L\B\ VTYLTKTTDBC GTHBJLEKJ
- Page 13 and 14: SFDB ^^^\ FHFJHUFYEK YFTHSSF >BHBSF
- Page 15 and 16: nentt,sfy ehsbthsmvtlt,bcfc bcbyb f
- Page 17 and 18: 3\ v;fdt,b itlbc htfmwbfib ae.tt,sf
- Page 19 and 20: fvajnthekb ]blhjmcblb ae.bc sdbct,f
- Page 21 and 22: 11\ pjubthsb v'fhb v;fdf jmcblbc it
- Page 23 and 24: v;fdfc ajhvekf HF HCl HBr HI H 2 S
- Page 25 and 26: A (Li) = 7 (0,927) + 6 (0073) = 6,
- Page 27 and 28: wbsb rjjhlbyfnt,bc qth.bc vbvfhs\ d
- Page 29 and 30: ve[nbc cblblbc phlf 1-lfy 116-vlt b
- Page 31 and 32: cohfadbc hbw[j,hbdb vybidytkj,bc ph
- Page 33 and 34: jhb d-jh,bnfkbc uflfafhdbs ofhvjbmv
- Page 35 and 36: Cl Z=17 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5
- Page 37 and 38: yf[ibh,flbc fnjvc fupyt,ek vlujvfht
- Page 39 and 40: ;fyu,flbc ;fyudbc [fhbc[b 'dtkf yft
- Page 41 and 42: dbceakfl uflfflubklt,f vstk rhbcnfk
- Page 43 and 44: ht,bc vbvfhs 1 fnv\ oytdbc lf 250C-
- Page 45 and 46: jhlbyfnsf qth.pt uflfpjvbkbf cbcntv
- Page 47 and 48: cytkb fhbc bc rjvgjytynb= hjvtkbw v
- Page 49: 1000�g 2 Mg1 �t � K t,\ fmtlf
- Page 53 and 54: vjkb$k\ fyufhbibc ufcfvfhnbdt,kfl i
- Page 55 and 56: ;fyudf-fqlutybc htfmwbt,bc ufynjkt,
- Page 57 and 58: tktmnhjyekb gjntywbfkt,bc f,cjkeneh
- Page 59 and 60: tktmnhjkbpb v;fdt,b= nentt,b= vfhbk
- Page 61 and 62: hrbybc lf ]blhjmcblbc bjyt,b ofhvjm
- Page 63 and 64: o'fk,flbc yfhtdb ]fthsfy (vuhudbyfd
- Page 65 and 66: jmcblb lf ]blhjmcblb\ yfnhbevb ofhv
- Page 67 and 68: fldbkfl b[cyt,f hjujhw ufypfdt,ek=
- Page 69 and 70: hflufy ufvj'jabkb Al(OH) 3 fvajnthe
- Page 71 and 72: yf[ibh,flbc (^^) jmcblb _ CO v[esfd
- Page 73 and 74: Si + O 2 ��SiO 2 fh b[cyt,f fhw
- Page 75 and 76: fvbfrb fldbkfl itlbc htfmwbfib v;fd
- Page 77 and 78: Au + HNO + 3HCl �� AuCl + NO +
- Page 79 and 80: o'fk,flb ajcajhsfy lfrfdibht,ekbf t
- Page 81 and 82: jpjyb keh/b athbc= vrdtshb ceybc vm
- Page 83 and 84: ujubhlv;fdf .kbthb v;fyufdbf\ ufypf
- Page 85 and 86: eylf fqbybiyjc= hjv mkjhb eiefkjl f
- Page 87 and 88: mkjhfnt,b xdtekt,hbd gbhj,t,ib cfrv
- Page 89 and 90: 2Cu + O 2 � 2CuO fy cgbkty.bc (^^
- Page 91 and 92: Cr(OH) 3 + KOH � KCrO 2 + 2H 2 O
- Page 93 and 94: Mn + H � 2 SO 4 MnSO 4 + H 2 ufyp
- Page 95 and 96: vfkehb ;fyudbsb hbw[dbf +5= [jkj yb
- Page 97 and 98: s[tdflb se/b lf oblf xfvjtlbyt,f me
- Page 99 and 100: Fe 2 O 3 _ hrbybc (^^^) jmcblb Fe(O
- Page 101 and 102:
L lfybtk-bfrj,cbc ufkdfyehb tktvtyn
- Page 103 and 104:
,eyt,hbdb yfthst,b jmcblt,b v;fdt,b
- Page 105 and 106:
sfdb * tktmnhjmbvbf................
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