zogadi da araorganuli qimia

v;fdf vfhbkt,b lbcjwbfwbbc itltufl rfsbjybc cf[bs ofhvjmvybc
kbsjybcf lf o'fk,flbc lflt,bs bjyt,c\
NaHCO � Na 3 + _ + HCO3 _ + 2_
HCO � H + CO3
3
NaHCO � Na 3 + + H + 2_ + CO3 ae.t vfhbkt,b fybjybc cf[bs b.ktdf v;fdehb yfisbcf lf ]blhjmcblbc
bjyt,c\
CaOHCl � CaOH + + Cl_ CaOH + � Ca 2+ + OH _
CaOHCl � Ca 2+ + OH _ + Cl _
v;fdt,bc lf ae.tt,bc ghjnjkbnehb stjhbf
fv stjhbbc vb[tldbs= v;fdf fhbc mbvbehb yfthsb= hjvtkcfw ite.kbf
ufcwtc ghjnjyb\ t\b\ v;fdf ghjnjybc ljyjhbf HA= A _ +H + =
[jkj ae.t b.tyc ghjnjyc= t\b\ ae.t ghjnjybc fmwtgnjhbf
B+H + = HB + (HA _ v;fdfc cfthsj ajhvekff= B _ ae.bc)\ ghjnjyekb
stjhbbc vb[tldbs= sbsjtek v;fdfc ittcf,fvt,f sfdbcb
ae.t= hjvtkcfw vbybvev thsb ghjnjybs vtnb fmdc\
HA � A _ + H + lf B + H + � HB +
v;fdf 1 ae.t 1 ghjnjyb ae.t 2 ghjnjyb v;fdf 2
fcts ghjwtcib vjyfobkt v;fdfc lf ae.tc iteqkt,ekb tojlt,f\
sbsjtekb v;fdf uflflbc sfdbc itcf,fvbc ae.tib _ ghjnjybc
lfrfhudbc itltufl= [jkj sbsjtekb ae.t uflflbc sfdbc itcf-
,fvbc v;fdfib _ ghjnjybc vbthst,bc ufvj\
HA/A_ lf HB + /B; vfufkbsfl=
_
fpjnv;fdf lf ybnhfnbjyb| HNO / NO 3 3
mkjho'fk,flb lf mkjhbjyb| HCl / Cl_ fvjybevbc bjyb lf fvbfrb| NH +
4 / NH3 ghjnjyekb stjhbbc vb[tldbs v;fdeh sdbct,fc ufvj[fnfdc
HNO , HCL, NH 3 +
4 bjyb= [jkj ae.t sdbct,fc NO _ _ + = Cl = NH bjyt,b\
3
4
ufydb[bkjs fvbfrbs .vfhv;fdfc ytbnhfkbpfwbbc htfmwbf|
CH 3 COOH � CH 3 COO _ + H +
NH 3 + H + � NH +
4
CH 3 COOH + NH 3 � CH 3 COO _ + NH +
4
v;fdf ae.t ae.t v;fdf
ghjnjyekb stjhbbc sfyf[vfl= v;fdt,bw lf ae.tt,bw itb.kt,f
ufdfthsbfyjs cfthsj cf[tkojlt,bs _ ghjnjkbnt,b\
ghjnjkbnt,b ybdsbtht,t,bf= hjvkt,cfw ite.kbf ghjnjybc vbthst,f
(ae.t sdbct,f) fy ufwtvf (v;fdf sdbct,f)\
fhct,j,c bctsb ghjnjkbnt,b= hjvkt,cfw gbhj,t,bc vb-
[tldbs ite.kbf ghjnjybc hjujhw ufwtvf= bct vbthst,f\ vfs tojlt,f
fvajkbnt,b\ t\b\ fvajkbnt,b thslhjekfl ljyjhbw fhbc
lf fmwtgnjhbw\ vfufkbsfl= fvajkbnbf ]blhjrfh,jyfnbc bjyb|
_ _2 +
HCO � CO3 + H 3
98 99
lf HCO _ + _ + H � H2CO \ t\b\ HCO itb.-
3
3 3
_ _2 kt,f itlbjltc jh iteqkt,ek o'dbkib| HCO /CO3 (v;fdehb
3
_ sdbct,f) lf H CO / HCO (ae.t sdbct,f)\
2 3 3
o'kbc bjyehb vfxdtyt,tkb
ceasf o'fkb vwbhtl fhbc lbcjwbht,ekb bjyt,fl|
H 2 O �� H + + OH _ \
1 kbnhb ceasf o'fkb 25 0 C-pt itbwfdc 1 \ 10 _7 vjk o'fk,flbc
rfsbjyc [H + ] lf 1 \ 10 _7 vjk ]blhjmcbkbc [OH _ ] fybjyc\ velvbdb ntvgthfnehbc
lhjc [H + ] lf [OH _ ] bjyt,bc vjkehb rjywtynhfwbt,bc
yfvhfdkb [H + ][OH _ ]= 10 _7\ 10 _7 = 10 _14 vjkb$k velvbdb cblbltf
lf tojlt,f o'kbc bjyehb vfxdtyt,tkb\ lfdeidfs= [cyfhbcsdbc v;fdbc
lfvfnt,bcfc [H + ] bjyt,bc rjywtynhfwbf uf[lf 1 \ 10 _3 vjkb$k\ hflufy
[H + ][OH _ ] bjyt,bc rjywtynhfwbt,bc yfvhfdkb velvbdb cblbltf=
fvbnjv [OH _ ] bjyt,bc rjywtynhfwbf uf[lt,f 1 \ 10 _11