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158 Theory of Literature but does not surrender it as such. "Perspectivism," as we have termed such a conception, 29 does not mean an anarchy of values, a glorification of individual caprice, but a process of getting to know the object from different points of view which may be defined and criticized in their turn. Structure, sign, and value form three aspects of the very same problem and cannot be arti- ficially isolated.
CHAPTER XIII Euphony, Rhythm, and Meter Every work of literary art is, first of all, a series of sounds out of which arises the meaning. In some literary works, this stratum of sounds is minimized in its importance j and it becomes, so to speak, diaphanous, as in most novels. But even there the phonetic stratum is a necessary precondition of the meaning. The distinction between a novel by Dreiser and a poem like Poe's "The Bells" is in this respect only quantitative and fails to justify the setting-up of two contrasting kinds of literature, fiction and poetry. In many works of art, including, of course, prose, the sound-stratum attracts attention and thus constitutes an integral part of the aesthetic effect. This is true of much ornate prose and of all verse, which, by definition, is an organization of a language's sound-system. In analyzing these sound-effects, we have to bear in mind two principles, important but frequently ignored. We must, initially, distinguish between performance and pattern of sound. The reading aloud of a literary work of art is a performance, a realization of a pattern which adds something individual and personal and, on the other hand, may distort or even entirely ignore the pattern. Hence a real science of rhythmics and metrics cannot be based only on the study of individual recitals. A second common assumption, that sound should be analyzed in complete divorce from meaning, is also false. It follows from our general conception of the integrity of any work of art that such a divorce is false j but it follows also from the demonstration that mere sound in itself can have no or little aesthetic effect. There is no "musical" verse without some general conception of its meaning or at least its emotional tone. Even listening to a foreign language which we do not understand at all, we do not hear pure sound but impose our phonetic habits on it as well as hear, of course, the meaningful intonation given to it by the speaker or iS9
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Theory of Literature
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THEORY OF LITERATURE By RENE WELLEK
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Preface The naming of this book has
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Prejace vii Warren for their readin
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x Contents XIV. Style and Stylistic
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CHAPTER I Literature and Literary S
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Literature and Literary Study 5 We
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Literature and Literary Study 7 emp
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CHAPTER II The Nature of "Literatur
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The Nature of Literature 1 of disco
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The Nature of Literature 1 element
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The Nature of Literature 1 stress o
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The Nature of Literature I J one si
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CHAPTER III The Function of Literat
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The Function of Literature 2 or "in
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The Function of Literature 23 there
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The Function of Literature 25 a "li
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The Function of Literature 27 gion,
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CHAPTER IV Literary Theory, Critici
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Literary Theory, Critic'ism y and H
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Literary Theory } Criticism, and Hi
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Literary Theory , Criticism, and Hi
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Literary Theory, Criticism, and His
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General, Comfarative } and National
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General, Comfarativey and National
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General, Comfarative y and National
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Generaly Comparative, and National
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CHAPTER VI The Ordering- and Establ
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The Ordering and Establishing of Ev
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Ill The Extrinsic Approach to the S
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66 Theory of Literature social, and
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68 Theory of Literature problems of
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70 Theory of Literature chronology
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72 Theory of Literature arranged an
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74 Theory of Literature ever, it se
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7 6 Theory of Literature view that
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78 Theory of Literature specificall
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80 Theory of Literature ception, wh
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82 Theory of Literature vernal. Dr.
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84 Theory of Literature guage, or r
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86 Theory of Literature nate the cr
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88 Theory oj Literature Bloom is li
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90 Theory of Literature also have t
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92 Theory of Literature vious examp
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94 Theory of Literature kings like
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^6 Theory of Literature of the arts
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98 Theory of Literature changed Nor
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1 00 Theory of Literature say—not
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102 Theory of Literature tory, or t
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1 04 Theory of Literature humanity,
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1 06 Theory of Literature cannot be
Page 122 and 123: io8 Theory oj Literature natural be
Page 124 and 125: no Theory of Literature Stoicism. W
Page 126 and 127: 112 Theory of Literature even, as i
Page 128 and 129: 114 Theory of Literature French Rel
Page 130 and 131: 1 1 6 Theory of Literature Morike,
Page 132 and 133: 1 1 8 Theory of Literature forget t
Page 134 and 135: 120 Theory of Literature Romantic m
Page 136 and 137: 122 Theory of Literature characters
Page 138 and 139: CHAPTER XI Literature and the Other
Page 140 and 141: 126 Theory of Literature paintings.
Page 142 and 143: 128 Theory of Literature precepts a
Page 144 and 145: 130 Theory of Literature well as st
Page 146 and 147: 132 Theory of Literature selves the
Page 148 and 149: 134 Theory of Literature Wolfflin's
Page 151: IV The Intrinsic Study of Literatur
Page 154 and 155: 140 Theory of Literature nizes that
Page 156 and 157: 142 Theory of Literature the groove
Page 158 and 159: 144 Theory of Literature ing of the
Page 160 and 161: 146 Theory of Literature poem is th
Page 162 and 163: 148 Theory of Literature The poem,
Page 164 and 165: 150 Theory of Literature jective ex
Page 166 and 167: 152 Theory of Literature But this i
Page 168 and 169: 154 Theory of Literature in a way w
Page 170 and 171: 156 Theory of Literature because it
Page 174 and 175: 160 Theory of Literature reader. In
Page 176 and 177: 1 62 Theory of Literature can be di
Page 178 and 179: 164 Theory of Literature the import
Page 180 and 181: 1 66 Theory of Literature pletely u
Page 182 and 183: 1 68 Theory of Literature strange e
Page 184 and 185: 170 Theory of Literature adequate i
Page 186 and 187: 172 A line like Theory of Literatur
Page 188 and 189: 174 Theory of Literature pulse, so
Page 190 and 191: 176 Theory of Literature clause. 48
Page 192 and 193: 178 Theory of Literature stant good
Page 194 and 195: 180 Theory of Literature as a docum
Page 196 and 197: 1 82 Theory of Literature sociated
Page 198 and 199: 184 Theory of Literature its lingui
Page 200 and 201: 1 86 Theory of Literature stylistic
Page 202 and 203: 1 88 Theory of Literature start wit
Page 204 and 205: CHAPTER XV Image, Metaphor, Symbol,
Page 206 and 207: 192 • Theory of Literature "image
Page 208 and 209: 194 Theory of Literature and persis
Page 210 and 211: 196 Theory 0} Literature wider sens
Page 212 and 213: 198 Theory of Literature ficially.
Page 214 and 215: 200 Theory of Literature Devotional
Page 216 and 217: 202 Theory of Literature bold and "
Page 218 and 219: 204 Theory of Literature expression
Page 220 and 221: 206 Theory of Literature of imagina
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208 Theory of Literature Samuel Dan
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210 Theory of Literature and sensuo
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212 Theory of Literature they run c
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214 Theory of Literature constantly
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216 Theory of Literature expresses
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2 1 8 Theory of Literature Like met
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220 Theory of Literature manent sug
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222 Theory of Literature cific sexu
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224 Theory of Literature reproducti
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226 Theory of Literature narrative
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228 Theory of Literature There is o
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230 Theory of Literature Hardy's Eg
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232 Theory of Literature management
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234 Theory of Literature makes it t
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236 Theory of Literature experience
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238 Theory of Literature singular,
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240 Theory of Literature Neo-Classi
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242 Theory of Literature literary p
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244 Theory of Literature "rules" ar
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— 246 Theory of Literature them i
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CHAPTER XVIII Evaluation It is conv
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250 Theory of Literature plicated d
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252 Theory of Literature greatness
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254 Theory of Literature gradually.
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256 Theory of Literature harmonies,
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258 Theory of Literature classics w
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260 Theory of Literature liamson 26
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262 Theory of Literature (which in
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264 Theory of Literature literature
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266 Theory of Literature one could
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268 Theory of Literature birth of t
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270 Theory of Literature but studyi
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272 Theory of Literature trace its
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274 Theory of Literature intuitivel
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276 Theory of Literature scholarshi
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278 Theory of Literature which expa
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280 Theory of Literature simply the
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282 Theory of Literature gaps in th
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CHAPTER XX The Study of Literature
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The Study of Literature in the Grad
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The Study of Literature In the Grad
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Notes CHAPTER I Literature and Lite
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ff. 16-25] Notes 301 7. Theodor A.
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ff. 32-39] Notes 303 6. E.g., in Li
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ff. 42-50] Notes 305 16. Jan Machal
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ft- 53S9] Notes 307 1942, pp. 129-5
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pp. 6i-*J3\ Notes 309 ticity of Hro
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ff. 78-80] Notes 311 fiir Asthetik,
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ff. 86-92] Notes 313 22. Cf. James
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ff. 97-102] Notes 315 Rose F. Egan,
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pp. 104-108] Notes 317 and the Rise
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ff. 1 1 3-1 1 6] Notes 319 fiir Lit
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pp. 125-132] Notes 321 8. W. G. How
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fp. 140-157] Notes 323 8. The writi
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ff. 164-168] Notes 325 allgemeine L
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ft- I 73- I 8°] Notes 327 44. Jan
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fp. 187-190] Notes 329 Geiste neuer
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ff. ig^-igg~\ Notes 331 the metapho
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ff. 208-211] Notes 333 tenor and th
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pp. 216-225] Notes 335 and choice o
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ff. 228-235} Notes 337 20. Dibelius
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ff. 238-243] Notes 339 14. On the o
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pp. 249-253] Notes 341 mining what
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ff. 260-264] Notes 343 26. "Dr. Joh
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ft- 2 73~2 ^ 1 ] Notes 345 lection
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Bibliography CHAPTER I Literature a
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Bibliografhy 349 Ingarden, Roman, D
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Bibliography 351 chapter v National
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II. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography 353 G
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Bibliografhy 355 CHAPTER VIII Liter
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Bibliography 357 Vaughan, Wayland F
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Bibliography 359 CHAPTER IX Literat
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Bibliography 361 Lifshitz, Mikhail,
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Bibliografhy 363 Read, Herbert, "Pa
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Bibliography 365 Vachek, Josef, "Se
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Bibliografhy 367 Chapin, Elsa, and
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Bibliography 369 Eikhenbaum, Boris,
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Raleigh, Sir Walter, Style, London,
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Bibliography 373 V. STYLISTICS OF I
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Bibliography 375 Hinks, Roger, Myth
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Bibltografhy 377 Lukacs, Georg, Die
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Bibliografhy 379 Petsch, Robert, We
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Bibliography 381 Fife, R. H., "The
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Bibliografhy 383 Kautzsch, Rudolf,
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Btbliografthy 385 Schultz, Franz, D
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Bibliografhy 387 Ransom, John Crowe
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39° Bennett, Arnold, 99 Bentley, E
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392 Dahlke, H. Otto, 316 Dallas, E.
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394 Grattan, J. H., 306 Gray, Thoma
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396 Kohler, Wolfgang, 164, 324. Kon
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398 National Spirit, 29 Natural Sci
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400 Rosenberg', Harold, 334 Rosenbl
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402 Taine, Hippolyte, 101, 264, 293
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Date Due Due Returned Due Returned
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