theoryofliteratu00inwell

33 2 Notes [pp. 200-20J
ment, cf. Puttenham's Arte of English Poesie (ed. Willcock and
Walker), Cambridge, 1936.
24. Karl Biihler, Sprachtheorie, Jena, 1934, p. 343; Stephen J. Brown,
The World of Imagery, p. 149 ff., and Roman Jakobson, "Randbemerkungen
zur Prosa des Dichters Pasternak," Slavische Rundschau,
VII (1935), PP- 357-73-
25. D. S. Mirsky, "Walt Whitman: Poet of American Democracy," Critics
Group Dialectics, No. 1, 1937, pp. 11-29.
26. G. Campbell, Philosophy of Rhetoric, London, 1776, pp. 3 2 1, 326.
27. Richards, Philosophy of Rhetoric, London, 1936, p. 117, calls Camp-
bell's first type the "verbal metaphor," for he holds that literary
metaphor is not a verbal linkage but a transaction between contexts, an
analogy between objects.
28. Cf. Milman Parry, "The Traditional Metaphor in Homer," Classical
Philology, XXVIII (1933), pp. 30-43. Parry makes clear Aristotle's
unhistoric identification of Homer's metaphorism with that of later
poets; compares Homer's "fixed metaphors" to those of Old English
poets and (more restrictedly) to those of eighteenth-century Augustans.
29. Cf, C. Bally, Traite de stylistique frangaise, Heidelberg, 1 909, Vol.
I, p. 184 ff.: "La langage figure." On pp. 194-5, Bally, speaking
not as a literary theorist but as a linguist, classifies metaphors as:
"Images concretes, saisies par l'imagination, images affectives, saisies
par une operation intellectuelle. . . ." His three categories I should
call (1) poetic metaphor; (2) ritual ("fixed") metaphor; and (3) lin-
guistic (etymological, or buried) metaphor.
30. For a defense of ritual metaphor and guild images in the style of
Milton, cf. C. S. Lewis, Preface to Paradise Lost, London, 1942,
pp. 39 ff.
31. Cf. Heinz Werner, Die Urspriinge der Metapher, Leipzig, 191 9.
32. Hermann Pongs, Das Bild in der Dichtung. I: Versuch einer Mor-
phologie der metaphorischen Formen. Marburg, 1927. II: Vorunter-
suchungen zum Symbol. Marburg, 1939.
33. L. B. Osborn, The . . . Writings of John Hoskyns, New Haven, 1937,
p. 125; George Campbell, Philosophy of Rhetoric, pp. 335-7; A. Pope,
The Art of Sinking; A. Dion, UArt d'ecrire, Quebec, 191 1, pp.
1 1 1-2.
34. Thomas Gibbons, Rhetoric . . . , London, 1767, pp. 15-16.
35. John Dryden, Essays (ed. W. P. Ker), Oxford, 1 900, Vol. I, p. 247
("Dedication of The Spanish Friar").
36. Cf. I. A. Richards, Philosophy of Rhetoric, London, 1936, pp. 117-
18: "A very broad division may be made between metaphors which
work through some direct resemblance between the two things, the