theoryofliteratu00inwell

316 Notes [pp. 103-104
27. Karl Marx, Critique of Political Economy (tr. N. I. Stone), Chi-
cago, 1904, p. 310. This passage appears to give up the Marxist posi-
tion altogether. There are other cautious statements, e.g., Engels'
letter to Starkenburg, January 25, 1894. "Political, legal, philo-
sophical, religious, literary, artistic, etc., development is grounded
upon economic development. But all of them react, conjointly and
separately, one upon another, and upon the economic foundation."
(Marx-Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 391.) In a letter to Joseph
Bloch, September 21, 1 890, Engels admits that he and Marx had over-
emphasized the economic factor and understated the role of reciprocal
interaction; and, in a letter to Mehring, July 14, 1893, he says that
they had "neglected" the formal side—the way in which ideas de-
velop. (Cf. Marx-Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 383, 390.)
28. From Die Deutsche Ideologic, in Karl Marx and F. Engels, Historisch-
kritische Gesamtausgabe (ed. V. Adoratskij), Berlin, 1932, Vol. V,
PP-
21, 373-
29. A. A. Smirnov, Shakesfeare: A Marxist Interpretation, New York,
1936, p. 93-
30. Max Scheler, "Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens," Versuch zu
einer Soziologie des Wissens (ed. Max Scheler), Munich and Leipzig,
1924, Vol. I, pp. 1-146, and "Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens,"
Die Wissensformen und die Gesellschaft, Leipzig, 1926, pp. 1-226;
Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utofia (tr. L. Wirth and Z. Shils),
London, 1936. Some discussions are: H. Otto Dahlke, "The Sociology
of Knowledge," in H. E. Barnes, Howard Becker and F. B. Becker,
Contemporary Social Theory, New York, 1940, pp. 64-99; Robert K.
Merton, "The Sociology of Knowledge," Twentieth Cefitury So-
ciology (ed. Georges Gurvitch and Wilbert E. Moore), New York,
1945, pp. 366-405; Gerard L. De Gre, Society and Ideology: an In-
quiry into the Sociology of Knowledge, New York, 1943; Ernst
Gruenwald, Das Problem der Soziologie des Wissens, Vienna, 1934.
Thelma Z. Lavine, "Naturalism and the Sociological Analysis of
Knowledge," Naturalism and the Human Spirit (ed. Yervant H.
Krikorian), New York, 1944, pp. 183-209, tries to obviate criticism
of the method by distinguishing between the validity of a proposition
and the validation process of which only the last is the object of
sociological interest. A rather timid application to literature is pro-
posed in Alexander C. Kern, "The Sociology of Knowledge in the
Study of Literature," Sewanee Reznew, L (1942), pp. 505-14.
31. Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufsatze zur Religionssoziologie, 3 vols.,
Tubingen, 1920-21 (partially translated as The Protestant Ethics and
the Spirit of Capitalism, London, 1930); R. H. Tawney, Religion