theoryofliteratu00inwell

pp. 249-253] Notes 341
mining what is or is not an aesthetic value and whether its value is
positive or negative. Intrinsic standards—as quantitative criteria deter-
mining the amount of aesthetic value. . . . Standards are therefore
derived from definitions: the quantitative criteria come from the
qualitative."
2. We are talking now of "literature," using the word as a "qualitative cri-
terion" (whether it is literary in its nature—literature and not science,
social science, or philosophy) ; we are not using the word in its
honorific, comparative sense, of "great literature."
3. Pepper thus puts a parallel issue {pp. cit., p. 87 n.): "A hostile writer
is likely to pose the dilemma: either explicit practical purpose with a
definite conceptual goal aimed at and attained, or passive enjoyment
without a goal. The Kantian antinomy and Bertram Morris' paradox
of an aesthetic purpose that is not a set purpose break the dilemma open
and strikingly exhibit this third sort of mental being which is neither
conation nor sensation but a specific aesthetic activity."
4. If one takes the inclusive view, he does not deny aesthetic value in
literature, but asserts, coexistent with it, other values; and in his judg-
ment of literature he either blends the ethico-political and the aesthetic
or he makes a double judgment. Cf. N. Foerster, "The Aesthetic
Judgment and the Ethical Judgment," The Intent of the Critic,
Princeton, 1 94 1, p. 85.
5. T. M. Greene, The Arts and the Art of Criticism, Princeton, 1940,
p. 389.
6. "The 'greatness' of literature cannot be determined solely by literary
standards, though we must remember that whether it is literature or
not can be determined only by literary standards." Essays Ancient and
Modern, New York, 1936, p. 93.
7. On Form, cf. W. P. Ker, Form and Style in Poetry, London, 1928,
especially pp. 95-104 and pp. 137-45; C. La Driere, "Form," Dic-
tionary of World Literature, p. 250 ff. ; R. Ingarden, Das literarische
Kunstwerk, Halle, 193 I; "Das Form-Inhalt Problem im literarischen
Kunstwerk," 1 93 1, Helicon, I (1938), pp. 51-67.
8. Emil Lucka's brilliant essay, "Das Grundproblem der Dichtkunst,"
Zeitschrift fur Asthetik, XXII (1928), pp. 129-46, studies "wie sich
Welt in Sprache verwandelt. . . ." In an unsuccessful poem or novel,
says Lucka, "fehlt die Identitat von Welt und Sprache."
9. Cf. Dorothy Walsh, "The Poetic Use of Language," Journal of Phi-
losophy, XXXV (1938), pp. 73-81.
10. J. Mukarovsky, Aesthetic Function, Norm, and Value as Social Facts,
Prague, 1936, in Czech.