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Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation as Treatment for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Jorge Sierra, Montserrat Rovira, Luz Muñoz, Carmen Canals, Pedro Marín, Gregorio Martin-Henao, Alvaro Urbano-lspizua, Joan Garcia, Anna Sureda, Enríe Carreras, Salut Brunet, Emilio Montserrat Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau and Hospital Clinic. Autonomous and Central Universities of Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Between October 1986 and November 1997, 79 adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients received an autologous stem cell transplant (autoSCT) at two institutions in Barcelona. In 48 cases, bone marrow (BM) was purged with monoclonal antibodies and complement or immunomagnetic beads (P-autoBMT group). Nineteen patients received an unpurged BMT (Unp-autoBMT) due to unavailability of the leukemic immunophenotype («=2) or harvesting of an insufficient number of BM cells (n=17). Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant (autoPBSCT) was performed in the remaining 12 cases. Forty-eight patients were autografted in first complete remission (CR1), 19 in CR2, and 12 in other disease stages. The intensive therapy regimen was cyclophosphamide and total-body irradiation in all but one patient. Graft failure was observed in two patients. Hematologic recovery was significantly faster in the autoPBSCT group. Six patients died in the first 4 weeks after transplantation due to causes other than leukemia (NLD), three between 4 weeks and 6 months, and one thereafter. At a median follow-up of 62 months, 28 patients remain alive and disease-free. Leukemia-free survival (LFS) in patients autografted in CR1 was best in the autoPBSCT group, intermediate in the P-autoBMT recipients, and worst after UnpautoBMT: 75 ± 21, 40 ± 8 and 12 ± 11%, respectively. However, this last group could be unfavorably selected. Relapse was the main cause of treatment failure. When analyzing P-autoBMT in CR1, factors associated with outcome in patients treated with chemotherapy also affected transplant results. Adverse features were high leukocyte counts, delayed CR achievement, and poor-prognosis cytogenetic abnormalities. Our results confirm that long-term LFS may be achieved after autoSCT in a substantial proportion of adults with ALL. The role of this treatment vs. chemotherapy and the clinical efficacy of purging have to be explored in large prospective studies. 72
Sierra et al. INTRODUCTION Two-thirds of ALLs develop in children, a patient population where a substantial improvement in prognosis has been achieved. 1 ALL represents 20% of all adult leukemias, and the outcome in this setting is less encouraging. 23 Complete remission (CR) rates range between 74 and 95% in a review including data from 10 studies. 4 Significant therapeutic advances have been made in specific immune subtypes such as T-ALL and B-mature ALL and are the consequence of more tailored intensive postremission chemotherapy. 4,5 Despite this, adult ALL is curable in only 20-35% of all patients. 4 Since leukemia recurrence is the main cause of treatment failure, high-dose therapy with hematopoietic rescue has been performed in relatively young patients with the intention to eradicate the disease. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation probably improves the outcome of adult ALL patients in first complete remission (CR1) with very high risk features at diagnosis. 6,7 After relapse, adult ALL is unlikely to be cured with chemotherapy, and SCT is usually indicated. Only 30% of patients who are candidates for highdose therapy and SCT have an HLA-identical sibling. AutoSCT is the most frequent option for the remaining 70% of cases. The role of this therapy in adult ALL and the optimal conditions for the procedure (preparative regimen, source of stem cells, need of purging to remove malignant cells from the graft) are not well established. We herein describe the 11 years' experience on 79 consecutive autoSCT for adult ALL using a common protocol at two institutions in Barcelona. Special emphasis is placed on the series of patients who received purged BM and the factors that influenced the outcome of the procedure. A subset of the patients from this study has been included in a previous report. 8 PATIENTS AND METHODS Between October 1986 and November 1997, adult ALL patients in remission or in early relapse, diagnosed at or referred to the Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau or the Hospital Clinic from Barcelona, were considered for SCT. Allogeneic SCT (alloSCT) was the first option if an HLA-identical sibling was available. The upper age limit for this procedure increased over time from 45 to 60 years. Unrelated SCT was performed only in very poor prognosis patients lacking a suitable relative if a compatible nonfamily volunteer was identified on a short-term basis. Patients without a donor for alloSCT and aged
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Wi
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THE VAN BEKKUM STEM CELL AWARD Prof
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xii Table of Contents CHAPTER 2: AL
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xiv Table of Contents Late Non-Rela
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xvi Table of Contents Pretreatment
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xviii Table of Contents CHAPTER 7:
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XX Table of Contents Long-Term Obse
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xxii Table of Contents CHAPTER 13:
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0-9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2CDA 2-ch
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List of Abbreviations xxvii EFS eve
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List of Abbreviations MOPP mechlore
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VOD veno-occlusive disease VPC viru
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4HC-Purged Autologous Stem Cell Tra
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1.0-1 + 0.2 Miller et al. 5 Event F
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Miller et al. Adjusted probability
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Who Benefits From Autograft in AML
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Burnett 11 which to set the transpl
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Table 1. Outcome after relapse in M
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Immunotherapy in AML: No Positive E
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Simonsson et al. inhibit IL-2 induc
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantat
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Page 81 and 82: Stein et al. and fever. No patient
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Page 87: autologous stem-cell rescue. / Clin
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Page 95 and 96: Rowe 61 or adult patients with acut
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Page 99 and 100: Hoelzer and Gdkbuget 65 blood, earl
Page 101 and 102: Table 3. Risk factors for the defin
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Page 105: Hoeker and Gökbuget tical sibling
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Page 115 and 116: Sierra et al. No adverse factors (n
Page 117 and 118: 1994. Sierra et al. 83 10. Canals C
Page 119 and 120: Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 85 adult
Page 121 and 122: Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 87 Single
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Page 125 and 126: Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 91 chromo
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Page 129 and 130: Boyer and Yeager 95 outcomes after
Page 131 and 132: Boyer and Y eager 97 Table 2. Hypot
Page 133 and 134: Boyer and Y eager SUMMARY Most of t
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122 Chapter 3: CML Table 8. Surviva
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124 Chapter 3: CML 88:3118-3122, 19
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126 Chapter 3: CML RK, Klingemann H
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The Tyrphostin AG957 Inhibits the I
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130 Chapter 3: CML mobilization. Al
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132 Chapter 3: CML A B 100 n 0 1 5
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134 Chapter 3: CML The in vitro sel
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136 Chapter 3: CML detecting leukem
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Progressive Hodglcin's Lymphoma Fol
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Reece et al. survival is observed i
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0.2 -I 0.0 0 Reece et al. 143 ii i
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Reece et al. Table 3. Causes of non
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Reece et al. carmustine, etoposide
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CD34 + Selection of Hematopoietic B
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Lazarus et al. 151 significantly de
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Lazarus et al. 153 (Sigma, St Louis
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Lazarus et al. 155 Table 2. Effect
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Lazarus et al. 157 difference. Furt
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Lazarus et al. 159 cells after myel
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The European CUP/UP Trial: A Prelim
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Table 1. Patient characteristics at
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Schouten et al. licular non-Hodgkin
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Sweetenham et al. vs. autologous pe
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Table 1. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 2. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 3. Sites of relapse, group A
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Table 4. Patterns of relapse, group
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A 100 80 %OS 60 40 20 B 100 %OS | S
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Sweetenham et al. new sites, and fi
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Sweetenham et al. Treatment options
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Molecular Remission: A Worthwhile A
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Early or Late Autotransplant in Hig
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Schenkein et al. 187 PATIENTS AND M
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Schenkein et al. 189 Toxicity Toxic
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Schenkein et al. 191 16. Glick JH,
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Santini et al. 193 to evaluate the
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Table 1. Continued Santini et al. 1
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Santini et al. 197 cytosine arabino
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1 0 0 1 90- 80- 70- (0 u. 60' o so-
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Hodgkin's lymphoma. N EnglJ Med 333
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CHAPTER 5 MYELOMA
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206 Chapter 5: Myeloma independent
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208 Chapter 5: Myeloma disease (MRD
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210 Chapter 5: Myeloma Scandinavia,
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212 Chapter 5: Myeloma (0 n o B co
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214 Chapter 5: Myeloma B cq d ? o c
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216 Chapter 5: Myeloma patients wit
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218 Chapter 5: Myeloma PBSC transpl
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220 Chapter 5: Myeloma 25. Seiden M
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Autologous Transplantation in Multi
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224 Chapter 5: Myeloma 0 52 44 U §
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226 Chapter 5: Myeloma BM ^ (CD34±
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228 Chapter 5: Myeloma IFM 94 : OS
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230 Chapter 5: Myeloma two groups a
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232 Chapter 5: Myeloma increase bot
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234 Chapter 5: Myeloma REFERENCES 1
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236 Chapter 5: Myeloma Intensified
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238 Chapter 5: Myeloma of CD34 + ce
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Chapter 5: Myeloma Table 2. Descrip
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242 Chapter 5: Myeloma o 8H 0 2 4 6
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244 Chapter 5: Myeloma ated with sh
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The Presence of Micrometastases in
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Kvalheim et al. 249 Table 1. Immuno
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Kvalheim et al. 251 Figure 1. Sixty
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Kvalheim et al. 253 DISCUSSION In t
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Kvalheim et al. 255 Bastert G: Micr
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Hood et al. 257 In an effort to inc
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#CD34 + cells in blood = Hood et al
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Hood et al. 261 Table 3. Frequency
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Hood et al. 263 REFERENCES 1. Rill
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The Clinical Significance of Breast
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Moss et al. tests, and bilateral po
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Moss et al. 269 0 15 70 143 200 400
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Moss et al. 271 0 3 6 12 18 24 30 3
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Moss et al. 273 8. Passos-Coelho J,
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Autotransplantation for Men With Br
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McCarthy et al. 277 radiation, two
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High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy W
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Viens et al. 281 3 g/m 2 and doxoru
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Table 1. Tumor characteristics Exte
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Table 4. Response Viens et al. 285
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Viens et al. 287 Table 5. Pathologi
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Viens et al. 289 apy for inoperable
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Gliick et al. 291 INTRODUCTION The
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Gluck et al. 293 RESULTS Patient de
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Glück et al. 295 Table 3. Response
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Gluck et al. 297 Overall Survival O
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Gluck et al. 299 Sudbury patients w
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Gluck et al. 301 anthracycline or t
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Repetitive High-Dose Therapy With P
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Prince et al. paramagnetic separati
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Prince et al. Table 1. High-dose re
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Table 2. Patient characteristics (n
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Table 4. Hematopoietic recovery fol
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1.0- M C .S 0.8- a c *fe o o> 0.6-
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M 1.0 I 0.8H s? VI o.6H S 0.2 0.0 P
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a Prince et al. days to platelets >
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Table 5. Results of Isolex 300i CD3
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Prince et al. 321 Figure 5, continu
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Prince et al. 323 months after tran
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Prince et al. 325 excessive to be u
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Prince et al. 327 eight patients ha
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Prince et al. 329 marrow transplant
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Prince et al. intensive chemotherap
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-Q CO .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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.Q CD .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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oba Q. 1.0 0.9 Dicke et al. Stage I
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Vahdat with peripheral blood progen
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Evaluation of Prognostic Factors fo
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Fields et al. 343 PATIENTS AND METH
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Table 1. Chemotherapy regimens. Fie
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Fields et al. Stage II; 4-9 Pos LN
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U U Fields et al.
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Fields et al. 351 between 1 and 2 y
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European Trends and the EBMT Databa
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25% % 22% / 17% \ Rosti et al. 355
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Rosti et al. 357 The new Italian St
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Rosti et al. 6. Haas R, Schmid H, H
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Bewick et al. 363 INTRODUCTION The
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Bewick et al. 365 Blood samples obt
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Bewick et al. 367 HDCT with ABSC su
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Bewick et al. Progression Free Surv
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Bewick et al. pression in MBC, i.e.
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Bewick et al. 14. Kandl HL, Seymour
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CHAPTER 7 OTHER SOLID TUMORS
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378 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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380 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prepara
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382 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Surviva
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384 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors months
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386 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors have be
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High-Dose Chemotherapy in the Manag
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390 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors followe
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392 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table 1
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394 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors (mucosi
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Three-Fold Intensification by Seque
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High-Dose Therapy for Small Cell Lu
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404 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors chemoth
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406 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors SCLC ha
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408 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors relapse
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410 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 69:585-
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412 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors ogous b
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414 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 64. Bru
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416 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prignot
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418 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors CO > CO
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420 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors TANDEM
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Multiple Courses of Cyclophosphamid
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424 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors and the
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426 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Thiotep
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430 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors E 100 0
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432 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors course
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434 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors boplati
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436 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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438 - Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table
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440 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors seeded
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442 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors DISCUSS
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444 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 10. Di
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446 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors plasma
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Autologous Stem Cell Transplantatio
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Keystone 451 hypertension, anemia,
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Fassas et al. 453 INTRODUCTION Mult
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Fassas et al. Table 2. Stem cell mo
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Table 3. Toxicity after stem cell i
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Fassas et al. Table 5. Trial 1: cha
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Fassas et al. MS PROGRESSION FREE S
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Fassas et al. ic or autologous bone
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1 2 1 6 EAE. Burt et al. 465 Becaus
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Burt et al. Since cyclophosphamide
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Burt et al. 469 toxicity study, we
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Burt et dl. All 23. Mor F, Cohen IR
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall an ev
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall 475 B
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders 477 st
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders neousl
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CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM EFFECTS
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484 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects po
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486 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Ta
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488 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects ml
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490 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects 4.
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492 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects us
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494 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects AB
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498 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects En
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500 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Rl
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502 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects RE
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504 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects A,
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Autologous T
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CHAPTER 10 GRAFT MANIPULATION
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514 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
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Stem Cell Reinfusion Over Two Conse
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Final Report of the First Prospecti
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Canine Hematopoietic Stem Allograft
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Sandmaier et al. 603 The resultant
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Sandmaier et al. 605 synthesis path
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Sandmaier et al. 607 interactions o
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Sandmaier et al. 1991. 2. Burchenal
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87:3508-3513,1996. Sandmaier et al.
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin Table
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin seven
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1.0 3 0.2 Giralt, Khouri, and Champ
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CHAPTER 12 GENE THERAPY
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622 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy INTROD
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624 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy RESULT
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626 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy envisi
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628 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy cer in
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A Vaccine of Melanoma Peptide Loade
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B43(anti-CD 19)-Gen i stein Immunot
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Targeting Immunotherapy for the Tre
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McGuinness andArceci 637 modified m
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McGuinness andArceci 639 leukemic c
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McGuinness and Arced 641 in G418. T
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McGuinness andArceci 643 Figure 2
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mRNA for hB7-1 (1491 bp) mRNA for C
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McGuinness and Arced CD80PE C080PE
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McGuinness andArceci 649 8. Robert
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McGuinness andArceci immune respons
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McGuinness andArceci 75. Jubinsky F
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Slavin et al. 655 up suggests, as p
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Slavin et al. 657 was a phase lib c
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Slavin et al. presented, appears to
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Antitumor Immunotherapy in Autologo
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Klingemann et al. 663 Table 3. Meth
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CHAPTER 14 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY
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668 Chapter 14: Radioimmunotherapy
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Selection of Radioisotopes, Chelate
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Radioimmunotherapy of Common Epithe
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CHAPTER 15 NEW AVENUES
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698 Chapter 15: New Avenues Table 1
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700 Chapter 15: New Avenues An alte
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702 Chapter 15: New Avenues who can
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704 Chapter 15: New Avenues myeloid
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706 Chapter 15: New Avenues 48. Gir
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Emerging Viral Infections in Blood
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710 Chapter 15: New Avenues influen
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712 Chapter 15: New Avenues Among a
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714 Chapter 15: New Avenues physica
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716 Chapter 15: New Avenues respira
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Minimal Therapy Models of Transplan
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CHAPTER 16 SUMMARIES
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724 Chapter 16: Summaries although
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726 Chapter 16: Summaries use of po
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728 Chapter 16: Summaries Table 1.
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736 Chapter 16: Summaries IL-15. Th
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738 Chapter 16: Summaries Patterns
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740 List of Participants Thomas L.
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742 List of Participants Sergio A.
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744 List of Participants Hans Marti
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746 List of Participants David P. S
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748 List of Participants AUTHOR IND
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750 Author Index Hurd, D.D. 483 Kui
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752 Author Index Stiff, Patrick J.
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754 Key Word Index Hematologic mali
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ISBN 1-891524-04-6
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