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700 Chapter 15: New Avenues An alternative strategy is to utilize a low-dose, nonmyeloablative, preparative regimen designed to provide sufficient immunosuppression to achieve engraftment of an allogeneic blood stem cell or marrow graft, allowing for development of a graft-vs.-malignancy effect. We have evaluated this strategy by using relatively nontoxic, standard-dose chemotherapy as a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen for allogeneic marrow or blood progenitor cell transplantation using chemotherapy regimens active against the patient's malignancy that are only modestly myelosuppressive without marrow transplantation. The regimens were selected to be sufficiently immunosuppressive to prevent graft rejection, allowing engraftment of a marrow or blood stem cell allograft which could then produce a GVL effect against susceptible malignancies. At M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, we performed pilot trials to determine whether this strategy of nonablative chemotherapy with allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation could induce durable engraftment and remissions in patients with hematologic malignancies. We studied this approach in patients who were ineligible for standard myeloablative preparative regimens because of advanced age or comorbidities. We demonstrated that fludarabine or 2-CDA (purine analogs) containing nonmyeloablative chemotherapy regimens allowed engraftment of HLA-compatible hematopoietic progenitor cells, and extended remissions were 6 0 observed in some patients with recurrent AML or CML. Indolent lymphoid malignancies are also affected by graft-vs.-malignancy effects. 22 Fifteen patients with CLL or lymphoma have been treated using a nonmyeloablative regimen of fludarabine/cyclophosphamide or fludarabine, cytarabine, cisplatin. 61 All patients had failed to respond or recurred after primary chemotherapy. Nine patients had CLL in relapse after a prior fludarabine response and six patients had lymphoma. All patients had active disease at the time of transplant, three had a performance status of 3 (according to Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] criteria), two had elevated liver function tests, and all had received extensive prior therapy. The chemotherapy is known to be nonmyeloablative, and mixed chimerism was anticipated. Eleven of the 15 patients had evidence of engraftment as documented by acquisition of donor type restriction fragment length polymorphisms. The percentage of donor cells in the marrow ranged between 50 and 100% at 1 month posttransplant. One had 75% donor cells in his marrow at 6 weeks posttransplant, and converted to 100% donor cells following a donor lymphocyte infusion. Hematopoietic recovery was prompt and, with the exception of a patient with hepatitis C, no patient had a nonhematologic toxicity of greater than grade 2. The patients failing to engraft recovered endogenous hematopoiesis promptly and had no serious adverse effects. Increasing the intensity of the immunosuppression may increase the rate of engraftment. The minimal toxicity and mild cytopenias indicate the potential feasibility of administering this procedure on an outpatient basis. All 11 patients with engraftment have responded,
Champlin, Khouri, and Girat 701 and eight have achieved complete remission. Maximal responses are slow to develop and gradually occur over a period of several months to 1 year. The success of nonablative regimens for GVL induction using allogeneic transplantation requires engraftment of the donor immunocompetent cells and sufficient time to develop an effective antileukemic response. This approach has not been successful in patients with refractory acute leukemias; in this setting, the leukemia generally recurs and progresses rapidly. This strategy may be useful, however, for consolidation of remission in patients at high risk to relapse. 62 The optimal intensity of the preparative regimen is uncertain, and several factors must be considered, including aggressiveness of the underlying malignancy, immunocompetence of the recipient, and genetic disparity between donor and recipient (Fig. 1). Slavin and co-workers reported use of a more intensive preparative regimen consisting of busulfan 8 mg/kg, fludarabine, and antithymocyte globulin, with encouraging preliminary results. 63 This regimen produces marked myelosuppression and has not been administered without hematopoietic transplantation. Other lower-dose or nonablative regimens have been proposed. 64 Immunocompromised patients, such as those with advanced CLL, will likely require less immunosuppressive therapy to achieve engraftment than a fully immunocompetent recipient. Indolent malignancies may not require cytoreduction, but it appears necessary to achieve at least a short-term remission in patients with highly proliferative malignancies, such as acute leukemias and aggressive lymphomas, to allow development of an effective GVL response. The optimal use of posttransplant immunosuppressive therapy is also uncertain. Acute GVHD does occur with these nonablative regimens but has been relatively mild and controllable. Immunosuppressive therapy given early posttransplant to 6 5 prevent GVHD likely also affects GVL. Effective strategies to separate GVHD from GVL are critical for the success of this approach to treatment. The role for nonmyeloablative preparative regimens and induction of GVL is uncertain. This strategy allows treatment of older and medically infirm patients Standard dose Maximally chemotherapy Tolerated w/o BMT Needs BMT High dose Flag-ida FC PFA Indolent Malignancies t MF BEAM Bu 8/F/ATG Bul6/Cy Cy/TBI Aggressive Malignancies Figure 1. Intensity of preparative regimen.
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Wi
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THE VAN BEKKUM STEM CELL AWARD Prof
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xii Table of Contents CHAPTER 2: AL
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xiv Table of Contents Late Non-Rela
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xvi Table of Contents Pretreatment
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xviii Table of Contents CHAPTER 7:
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XX Table of Contents Long-Term Obse
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xxii Table of Contents CHAPTER 13:
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0-9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2CDA 2-ch
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List of Abbreviations xxvii EFS eve
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List of Abbreviations MOPP mechlore
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VOD veno-occlusive disease VPC viru
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4HC-Purged Autologous Stem Cell Tra
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1.0-1 + 0.2 Miller et al. 5 Event F
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Miller et al. Adjusted probability
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Who Benefits From Autograft in AML
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Burnett 11 which to set the transpl
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Table 1. Outcome after relapse in M
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Immunotherapy in AML: No Positive E
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Simonsson et al. inhibit IL-2 induc
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantat
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Ball et al. 21 CD15) and AML-2-23 (
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Ball et al. 23 The ex vivo treatmen
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Ball et al. 25 Table 2. Factors inv
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. 31 Overall Survival for
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Ball et al. Table 4. Actuarial over
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Ball et al. myeloid leukemia. The G
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Ball et al. 1993. 38. Mehta J, Powl
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Can Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
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De Witte et al. 41 novo AML. Auer r
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De Witte et al. hematopoietic engra
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De Witte et al. 23. Fenaux P, Laï
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Stein et al. and fever. No patient
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Stein et al. after doses 1, 3, and
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Stein et al. early after the transp
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autologous stem-cell rescue. / Clin
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Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acu
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Table 2. Autologous BMT in ALL in f
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Rowe 61 or adult patients with acut
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget minitransplan
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Hoelzer and Gdkbuget 65 blood, earl
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Table 3. Risk factors for the defin
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget treatment opt
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Hoeker and Gökbuget tical sibling
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Sierra et al. INTRODUCTION Two-thir
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Sierra et al. Table 2. Adverse char
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1,0 0,0 J Sierra et al. 0 20 40 60
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Sierra et al. Months Figure 4 < 30,
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Sierra et al. No adverse factors (n
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1994. Sierra et al. 83 10. Canals C
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 85 adult
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 87 Single
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100. Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 89 P
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 91 chromo
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Autologous vs. Unrelated Allogeneic
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Boyer and Yeager 95 outcomes after
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Boyer and Y eager 97 Table 2. Hypot
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Boyer and Y eager SUMMARY Most of t
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CHAPTER 3 CML
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Autograft Followed by Allograft Wit
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106 Chapter 3: CML (one low-grade a
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108 Chapter 3: CML DISCUSSION Myelo
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110 Chapter 3: CML Philadelphia-neg
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The Case for Manipulation of CML Au
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Toward a Cure by Drug Treatment? Th
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116 Chapter 3 :CML Table 1. Prolong
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118 Chapter 3: CML Table 3. German
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120 Chapter 3: CML Table 5. Normal
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122 Chapter 3: CML Table 8. Surviva
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124 Chapter 3: CML 88:3118-3122, 19
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126 Chapter 3: CML RK, Klingemann H
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The Tyrphostin AG957 Inhibits the I
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130 Chapter 3: CML mobilization. Al
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132 Chapter 3: CML A B 100 n 0 1 5
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134 Chapter 3: CML The in vitro sel
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136 Chapter 3: CML detecting leukem
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Progressive Hodglcin's Lymphoma Fol
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Reece et al. survival is observed i
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0.2 -I 0.0 0 Reece et al. 143 ii i
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Reece et al. Table 3. Causes of non
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Reece et al. carmustine, etoposide
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CD34 + Selection of Hematopoietic B
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Lazarus et al. 151 significantly de
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Lazarus et al. 153 (Sigma, St Louis
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Lazarus et al. 155 Table 2. Effect
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Lazarus et al. 157 difference. Furt
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Lazarus et al. 159 cells after myel
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The European CUP/UP Trial: A Prelim
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Table 1. Patient characteristics at
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Schouten et al. licular non-Hodgkin
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Sweetenham et al. vs. autologous pe
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Table 1. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 2. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 3. Sites of relapse, group A
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Table 4. Patterns of relapse, group
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A 100 80 %OS 60 40 20 B 100 %OS | S
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Sweetenham et al. new sites, and fi
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Sweetenham et al. Treatment options
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Molecular Remission: A Worthwhile A
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Early or Late Autotransplant in Hig
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Schenkein et al. 187 PATIENTS AND M
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Schenkein et al. 189 Toxicity Toxic
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Schenkein et al. 191 16. Glick JH,
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Santini et al. 193 to evaluate the
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Table 1. Continued Santini et al. 1
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Santini et al. 197 cytosine arabino
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1 0 0 1 90- 80- 70- (0 u. 60' o so-
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Hodgkin's lymphoma. N EnglJ Med 333
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CHAPTER 5 MYELOMA
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206 Chapter 5: Myeloma independent
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208 Chapter 5: Myeloma disease (MRD
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210 Chapter 5: Myeloma Scandinavia,
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212 Chapter 5: Myeloma (0 n o B co
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214 Chapter 5: Myeloma B cq d ? o c
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216 Chapter 5: Myeloma patients wit
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218 Chapter 5: Myeloma PBSC transpl
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220 Chapter 5: Myeloma 25. Seiden M
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Autologous Transplantation in Multi
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224 Chapter 5: Myeloma 0 52 44 U §
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226 Chapter 5: Myeloma BM ^ (CD34±
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228 Chapter 5: Myeloma IFM 94 : OS
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230 Chapter 5: Myeloma two groups a
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232 Chapter 5: Myeloma increase bot
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234 Chapter 5: Myeloma REFERENCES 1
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236 Chapter 5: Myeloma Intensified
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238 Chapter 5: Myeloma of CD34 + ce
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Chapter 5: Myeloma Table 2. Descrip
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242 Chapter 5: Myeloma o 8H 0 2 4 6
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244 Chapter 5: Myeloma ated with sh
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The Presence of Micrometastases in
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Kvalheim et al. 249 Table 1. Immuno
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Kvalheim et al. 251 Figure 1. Sixty
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Kvalheim et al. 253 DISCUSSION In t
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Kvalheim et al. 255 Bastert G: Micr
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Hood et al. 257 In an effort to inc
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#CD34 + cells in blood = Hood et al
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Hood et al. 261 Table 3. Frequency
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Hood et al. 263 REFERENCES 1. Rill
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The Clinical Significance of Breast
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Moss et al. tests, and bilateral po
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Moss et al. 269 0 15 70 143 200 400
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Moss et al. 271 0 3 6 12 18 24 30 3
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Moss et al. 273 8. Passos-Coelho J,
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Autotransplantation for Men With Br
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McCarthy et al. 277 radiation, two
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High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy W
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Viens et al. 281 3 g/m 2 and doxoru
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Table 1. Tumor characteristics Exte
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Table 4. Response Viens et al. 285
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Viens et al. 287 Table 5. Pathologi
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Viens et al. 289 apy for inoperable
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Gliick et al. 291 INTRODUCTION The
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Gluck et al. 293 RESULTS Patient de
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Glück et al. 295 Table 3. Response
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Gluck et al. 297 Overall Survival O
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Gluck et al. 299 Sudbury patients w
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Gluck et al. 301 anthracycline or t
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Repetitive High-Dose Therapy With P
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Prince et al. paramagnetic separati
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Prince et al. Table 1. High-dose re
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Table 2. Patient characteristics (n
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Table 4. Hematopoietic recovery fol
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1.0- M C .S 0.8- a c *fe o o> 0.6-
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M 1.0 I 0.8H s? VI o.6H S 0.2 0.0 P
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a Prince et al. days to platelets >
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Table 5. Results of Isolex 300i CD3
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Prince et al. 321 Figure 5, continu
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Prince et al. 323 months after tran
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Prince et al. 325 excessive to be u
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Prince et al. 327 eight patients ha
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Prince et al. 329 marrow transplant
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Prince et al. intensive chemotherap
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-Q CO .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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.Q CD .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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oba Q. 1.0 0.9 Dicke et al. Stage I
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Vahdat with peripheral blood progen
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Evaluation of Prognostic Factors fo
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Fields et al. 343 PATIENTS AND METH
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Table 1. Chemotherapy regimens. Fie
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Fields et al. Stage II; 4-9 Pos LN
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U U Fields et al.
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Fields et al. 351 between 1 and 2 y
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European Trends and the EBMT Databa
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25% % 22% / 17% \ Rosti et al. 355
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Rosti et al. 357 The new Italian St
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Rosti et al. 6. Haas R, Schmid H, H
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Bewick et al. 363 INTRODUCTION The
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Bewick et al. 365 Blood samples obt
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Bewick et al. 367 HDCT with ABSC su
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Bewick et al. Progression Free Surv
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Bewick et al. pression in MBC, i.e.
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Bewick et al. 14. Kandl HL, Seymour
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CHAPTER 7 OTHER SOLID TUMORS
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378 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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380 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prepara
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382 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Surviva
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384 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors months
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386 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors have be
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High-Dose Chemotherapy in the Manag
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390 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors followe
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392 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table 1
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394 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors (mucosi
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Three-Fold Intensification by Seque
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High-Dose Therapy for Small Cell Lu
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404 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors chemoth
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406 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors SCLC ha
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408 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors relapse
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410 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 69:585-
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412 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors ogous b
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414 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 64. Bru
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416 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prignot
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418 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors CO > CO
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420 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors TANDEM
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Multiple Courses of Cyclophosphamid
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424 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors and the
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426 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Thiotep
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430 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors E 100 0
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432 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors course
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434 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors boplati
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436 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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438 - Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table
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440 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors seeded
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442 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors DISCUSS
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444 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 10. Di
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446 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors plasma
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Autologous Stem Cell Transplantatio
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Keystone 451 hypertension, anemia,
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Fassas et al. 453 INTRODUCTION Mult
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Fassas et al. Table 2. Stem cell mo
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Table 3. Toxicity after stem cell i
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Fassas et al. Table 5. Trial 1: cha
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Fassas et al. MS PROGRESSION FREE S
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Fassas et al. ic or autologous bone
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1 2 1 6 EAE. Burt et al. 465 Becaus
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Burt et al. Since cyclophosphamide
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Burt et al. 469 toxicity study, we
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Burt et dl. All 23. Mor F, Cohen IR
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall an ev
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall 475 B
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders 477 st
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders neousl
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CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM EFFECTS
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484 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects po
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486 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Ta
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488 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects ml
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490 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects 4.
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492 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects us
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494 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects AB
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498 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects En
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500 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects Rl
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502 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects RE
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504 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects A,
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Long-Term Follow-Up of Autologous T
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CHAPTER 10 GRAFT MANIPULATION
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514 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
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Stem Cell Reinfusion Over Two Conse
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Final Report of the First Prospecti
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Canine Hematopoietic Stem Allograft
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Sandmaier et al. 603 The resultant
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Sandmaier et al. 605 synthesis path
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Sandmaier et al. 607 interactions o
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Sandmaier et al. 1991. 2. Burchenal
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87:3508-3513,1996. Sandmaier et al.
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin Table
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin seven
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1.0 3 0.2 Giralt, Khouri, and Champ
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CHAPTER 12 GENE THERAPY
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622 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy INTROD
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624 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy RESULT
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626 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy envisi
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628 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy cer in
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A Vaccine of Melanoma Peptide Loade
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B43(anti-CD 19)-Gen i stein Immunot
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Targeting Immunotherapy for the Tre
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McGuinness andArceci 637 modified m
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McGuinness andArceci 639 leukemic c
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McGuinness and Arced 641 in G418. T
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McGuinness andArceci 643 Figure 2
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mRNA for hB7-1 (1491 bp) mRNA for C
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McGuinness and Arced CD80PE C080PE
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Page 697 and 698: Klingemann et al. 663 Table 3. Meth
Page 699: CHAPTER 14 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY
Page 702 and 703: 668 Chapter 14: Radioimmunotherapy
Page 714 and 715: Selection of Radioisotopes, Chelate
Page 726 and 727: Radioimmunotherapy of Common Epithe
Page 729: CHAPTER 15 NEW AVENUES
Page 732 and 733: 698 Chapter 15: New Avenues Table 1
Page 736 and 737: 702 Chapter 15: New Avenues who can
Page 738 and 739: 704 Chapter 15: New Avenues myeloid
Page 740 and 741: 706 Chapter 15: New Avenues 48. Gir
Page 742 and 743: Emerging Viral Infections in Blood
Page 744 and 745: 710 Chapter 15: New Avenues influen
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Page 752 and 753: Minimal Therapy Models of Transplan
Page 755: CHAPTER 16 SUMMARIES
Page 758 and 759: 724 Chapter 16: Summaries although
Page 760 and 761: 726 Chapter 16: Summaries use of po
Page 762 and 763: 728 Chapter 16: Summaries Table 1.
Page 770 and 771: 736 Chapter 16: Summaries IL-15. Th
Page 772 and 773: 738 Chapter 16: Summaries Patterns
Page 774 and 775: 740 List of Participants Thomas L.
Page 776 and 777: 742 List of Participants Sergio A.
Page 778 and 779: 744 List of Participants Hans Marti
Page 780 and 781: 746 List of Participants David P. S
Page 782 and 783: 748 List of Participants AUTHOR IND
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750 Author Index Hurd, D.D. 483 Kui
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752 Author Index Stiff, Patrick J.
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754 Key Word Index Hematologic mali
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ISBN 1-891524-04-6
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