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702 Chapter 15: New Avenues<br />

who cannot tolerate conventional high-dose preparative regimens. From the<br />

preliminary data, morbidity <strong>and</strong> early mortality appear reduced in high-risk<br />

patients. Long-term efficacy must still be determined, <strong>and</strong> controlled trials are<br />

necessary comparing this approach with alternative therapies as well as st<strong>and</strong>ard<br />

<strong>transplantation</strong> regimens.<br />

In conclusion, the immune graft-vs.-malignancy effect accounts for much of the<br />

benefit of allogeneic <strong>blood</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>marrow</strong> <strong>transplantation</strong>. For susceptible diseases,<br />

donor lymphocyte infusions can induce durable remissions in patients relapsing<br />

after an allogeneic transplant. Preliminary studies indicate the potential feasibility<br />

of inducing graft-vs.-malignancy effects as primary therapy. Use of less toxic,<br />

nonmyeloablative preparative regimens may allow <strong>transplantation</strong> in older patients<br />

<strong>and</strong> those with comorbidities that preclude high-dose chemoradiotherapy.<br />

Controlled clinical trials are required to determine appropriate c<strong>and</strong>idates for this<br />

approach as well as the relative efficacy of this strategy vs. <strong>transplantation</strong> using<br />

st<strong>and</strong>ard myeloablative regimens.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Thomas ED: Marrow <strong>transplantation</strong> for malignant disease. / Clin Oncol 1:517-531,1983.<br />

2. Thomas ED: The role of bone <strong>marrow</strong> <strong>transplantation</strong> for eradication of malignant dis­<br />

ease. Cancer 10:1963, 1969.<br />

3. Weiden PL, Sullivan KM, Flournoy N, Storb R, Thomas ED, The Seattle Marrow<br />

Transplant Team: Antileukemic effect of chronic graft-versus-host disease: Contribution<br />

to improved survival after allogeneic <strong>marrow</strong> <strong>transplantation</strong>. N Engl J Med<br />

304:1529-1533, 1981.<br />

4. Horowitz MM, Gale RP, Sondel PM, Goldman JM, Kersey J, Kolb H-J, Rimm AA,<br />

Ringdén O, Rozman C, Speck B, Truitt RL, Zwaan FE, Bortin MM: Graft- versus-leukemia<br />

reactions after bone <strong>marrow</strong> <strong>transplantation</strong>. Blood 75:555-562, 1990.<br />

5. Sullivan KM, Storb R, Buckner CD, Fefer A, Fisher L, Weiden PL, Witherspoon RP,<br />

Appelbaum FR, Banaji M, Hansen J, Martin P, S<strong>and</strong>ers JE, Singer J, Thomas ED: Graft-<br />

versus-host disease as adoptive immunotherapy in patients with advanced hematologic<br />

neoplasms. N Engl J Med 320:828-834, 1989.<br />

6. Gale RP, Champlin RE: How does bone-<strong>marrow</strong> <strong>transplantation</strong> cure leukemia? Lancet<br />

ii:28-30, 1984.<br />

7. Gale RP, Horowitz MM, Ash RC, Champlin RE, Goldman JM, Rimm AA, Ringdén O,<br />

Stone JAV, Bortin MM: Identical-twin bone <strong>marrow</strong> transplants for leukemia. Ann Intern<br />

Med 120:646-652, 1994.<br />

8. Fefer A, Cheever MA, Greenberg PD: Identical-twin (syngeneic) <strong>marrow</strong> <strong>transplantation</strong><br />

for hematologic cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 76:1269-1273, 1986.<br />

9. Marmont AM, Horowitz MM, Gale RP, Sobocinski K, Ash RC, van Bekkum DW,<br />

Champlin RE, Dicke KA, Goldman JM, Good RA, Herzig RH, Hong R, Masaoka T,<br />

Rimm AA, Ringdén O, Speck B, Weiner RS, Bortin MM: T-cell depletion of HLA-iden-

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