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530 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation are a number of unresolved problems in autologous transplantation. One of the most intriguing and relevant issues is the contribution of minimal residual disease to the development of relapse after high-dose chemotherapy. This refers to contaminating tumor cells within the autologous stem cell graft as well as to residual tumor cells within the patients who survive after myeloablative chemotherapy. Clinical trials 1 ' 2 as well as gene marking studies 3,4 have suggested that contaminating tumor cells within the autograft might contribute to relapse after high-dose chemotherapy. During the last 15 years, different purging strategies have been designed and employed for the depletion of tumor cells from autografts. 5-7 Apart from pharmacologic and other tumor cell purging techniques, in vitro manipulation of CD34 + hematopoietic progenitor cells recently has found widespread application in autologous transplantation because the procedure is simple, fast, and without any detrimental effect on graft quality. 8-10 Furthermore, this approach leads to decreased infusional toxicity of the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a result of smaller infusion volume. 11 Another advantage of this approach apart from the improved accessibility of CD34 cells for genetic manipulations, is the passive depletion of tumor cells. 8 However, it has been demonstrated by different groups including ours that despite highly efficient CD34 selection, tumor cells can still be detected within the CD34 fraction. 1213 CD34 enrichment, however, might be complicated by CD34 antigen expression on tumor cells, leading to a potential enrichment of tumor cells. Thus, it might be necessary to combine different purging techniques to obtain a tumor-free graft. Recently, efforts have been undertaken by a number of investigators to improve on CD34 selection-mediated depletion of nontarget cells (e.g., tumor cells or T cells). Different méthodologie approaches have been tried to design a more efficient purging procedure: CD34 enrichment using density Percoll gradient centrifugation, 14 immunoaffinity selection followed by treatment with immunotoxins, 15 complement-mediated lysis, 16 immunomagnetic purging, 7 and tetrameric antibody-complexes binding tumor cells and dextran. 17 New strategies to enhance purging efficiency after positive selection of stem cells might rely on the functional impairment of tumor cells to engraft after transplantation, thus losing their tumorigenicity. The aim of this clinical pilot study was to evaluate a combined positive/negative purging system based on immunomagnetic cell selection with regard to feasibility and purging efficiency. An adenovirus-mediated suicide gene transfer method was also tested for purging efficiency in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients and treatment After patients gave informed consent, human CD34 + peripheral blood progenitor cells were isolated by immunomagnetic selection from leukapheresis
Mapara et al. 531 products of patients with nonhematological malignancies using the Isolex 300 device (Baxter Biotech, Munich, Germany) as previously described. 12 CD34 + hematopoietic progenitor cells were cultured in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) containing 20% fetal calf serum (FCS), interleukin (IL)-3 (100 U/mL), IL-6 (100 U/mL), and stem cell factor (50 mg/mL). All growth factors were purchased from Promocell (Heidelberg, Germany). Patients were mobilized either with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone (12 ug/kg; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA) or in combination with chemotherapy (epirubicin 12 mg/m 2 plus ifosfamide 7.5 g/m 2 ) in established therapy protocols. CD34 selection and subsequent immunomagnetic tumor cell depletion Leukapheresis bags were stored in the original cell collection bag of the C4Y collection set (Fresenius) up to 72 hours at 4°C in autologous plasma and ACD-A. Bags stored for 24, 48, and 72 hours had a mean cell concentration of 65.5X 10 6 /mL (±26.14x 10 6 /mL) and 58X 10 6 /mL (±42.67X 10 6 /mL), respectively. Since the Fresenius AS 104 cell separator was used for apheresis, cells are directly collected in autologous plasma plus ACD-A in a total volume of 280-360 mL. Trypan blue dye exclusion staining revealed a mean cellular viability of 100 ± 0.7, 99 ± 1, 99 ± 1.5% after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Median total CFU formation per 2X10 4 mononuclear cells (MNC) was 202 ± 88, 247 ± 121 after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Median viability after the first platelet wash of pooled LP was 98%. Enrichment of CD34 cells from leukapheresis product (LP) was performed using the ISOLEX 300SA and the ISOLEX 300i device (Baxter Biotech) according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. For the ISOLEX SA, after washing (3X Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline [DPBS], 0.2% sodium citrate [wt7vol], 1% human albumin at room temperature, 200g for 10 minutes) cells were incubated with the anti-CD34 mAb 9C5 (0.5 ug/lX10 6 cells for 30 minutes at 4°C). Unbound antibody was removed by washing as mentioned above. Thereafter, sensitized cells were incubated with immunomagnetic beads (4.5 um) coated with goat anti-mouse antibodies (Cynal AS, Oslo, Norway). Subsequently, cells were captured by a magnet in the ISOLEX 300 chamber. Cells were released from the beads using the peptide release agent (PR34+). After collection and washing of the CD34 + fraction, cell count and viability testing were performed. CD34 selection using the ISOLEX 3001 was performed as follows: after storage of leukapheresis products, bags were pooled and a platelet wash was performed. The volume was adjusted to 30 mL with working buffer (PBS, 1% human albumin, 4.5% ACD-A [vol/vol]). Cells were incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature with a human immunoglobulin preparation (5% Gammagard; Baxter) before the enrichment procedure. After priming of the
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPL
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Wi
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THE VAN BEKKUM STEM CELL AWARD Prof
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xii Table of Contents CHAPTER 2: AL
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xiv Table of Contents Late Non-Rela
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xvi Table of Contents Pretreatment
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xviii Table of Contents CHAPTER 7:
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XX Table of Contents Long-Term Obse
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xxii Table of Contents CHAPTER 13:
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0-9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2CDA 2-ch
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List of Abbreviations xxvii EFS eve
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List of Abbreviations MOPP mechlore
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VOD veno-occlusive disease VPC viru
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4HC-Purged Autologous Stem Cell Tra
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1.0-1 + 0.2 Miller et al. 5 Event F
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Miller et al. Adjusted probability
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Who Benefits From Autograft in AML
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Burnett 11 which to set the transpl
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Table 1. Outcome after relapse in M
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Immunotherapy in AML: No Positive E
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Simonsson et al. inhibit IL-2 induc
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantat
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Ball et al. 21 CD15) and AML-2-23 (
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Ball et al. 23 The ex vivo treatmen
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Ball et al. 25 Table 2. Factors inv
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. Overall Survival for Pa
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Ball et al. 31 Overall Survival for
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Ball et al. Table 4. Actuarial over
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Ball et al. myeloid leukemia. The G
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Ball et al. 1993. 38. Mehta J, Powl
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Can Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
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De Witte et al. 41 novo AML. Auer r
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De Witte et al. hematopoietic engra
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De Witte et al. 23. Fenaux P, Laï
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Stein et al. and fever. No patient
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Stein et al. after doses 1, 3, and
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Stein et al. early after the transp
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autologous stem-cell rescue. / Clin
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Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acu
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Table 2. Autologous BMT in ALL in f
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Rowe 61 or adult patients with acut
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget minitransplan
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Hoelzer and Gdkbuget 65 blood, earl
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Table 3. Risk factors for the defin
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Hoelzer and Gôkbuget treatment opt
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Hoeker and Gökbuget tical sibling
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Sierra et al. INTRODUCTION Two-thir
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Sierra et al. Table 2. Adverse char
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1,0 0,0 J Sierra et al. 0 20 40 60
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Sierra et al. Months Figure 4 < 30,
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Sierra et al. No adverse factors (n
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1994. Sierra et al. 83 10. Canals C
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 85 adult
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 87 Single
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100. Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 89 P
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Martin, Atta, and Hoelzer 91 chromo
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Autologous vs. Unrelated Allogeneic
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Boyer and Yeager 95 outcomes after
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Boyer and Y eager 97 Table 2. Hypot
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Boyer and Y eager SUMMARY Most of t
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CHAPTER 3 CML
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Autograft Followed by Allograft Wit
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106 Chapter 3: CML (one low-grade a
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108 Chapter 3: CML DISCUSSION Myelo
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110 Chapter 3: CML Philadelphia-neg
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The Case for Manipulation of CML Au
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Toward a Cure by Drug Treatment? Th
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116 Chapter 3 :CML Table 1. Prolong
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118 Chapter 3: CML Table 3. German
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120 Chapter 3: CML Table 5. Normal
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122 Chapter 3: CML Table 8. Surviva
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124 Chapter 3: CML 88:3118-3122, 19
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126 Chapter 3: CML RK, Klingemann H
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The Tyrphostin AG957 Inhibits the I
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130 Chapter 3: CML mobilization. Al
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132 Chapter 3: CML A B 100 n 0 1 5
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134 Chapter 3: CML The in vitro sel
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136 Chapter 3: CML detecting leukem
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Progressive Hodglcin's Lymphoma Fol
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Reece et al. survival is observed i
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0.2 -I 0.0 0 Reece et al. 143 ii i
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Reece et al. Table 3. Causes of non
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Reece et al. carmustine, etoposide
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CD34 + Selection of Hematopoietic B
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Lazarus et al. 151 significantly de
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Lazarus et al. 153 (Sigma, St Louis
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Lazarus et al. 155 Table 2. Effect
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Lazarus et al. 157 difference. Furt
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Lazarus et al. 159 cells after myel
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The European CUP/UP Trial: A Prelim
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Table 1. Patient characteristics at
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Schouten et al. licular non-Hodgkin
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Sweetenham et al. vs. autologous pe
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Table 1. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 2. Patient characteristics, g
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Table 3. Sites of relapse, group A
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Table 4. Patterns of relapse, group
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A 100 80 %OS 60 40 20 B 100 %OS | S
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Sweetenham et al. new sites, and fi
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Sweetenham et al. Treatment options
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Molecular Remission: A Worthwhile A
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Early or Late Autotransplant in Hig
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Schenkein et al. 187 PATIENTS AND M
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Schenkein et al. 189 Toxicity Toxic
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Schenkein et al. 191 16. Glick JH,
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Santini et al. 193 to evaluate the
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Table 1. Continued Santini et al. 1
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Santini et al. 197 cytosine arabino
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1 0 0 1 90- 80- 70- (0 u. 60' o so-
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Hodgkin's lymphoma. N EnglJ Med 333
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CHAPTER 5 MYELOMA
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206 Chapter 5: Myeloma independent
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208 Chapter 5: Myeloma disease (MRD
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210 Chapter 5: Myeloma Scandinavia,
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212 Chapter 5: Myeloma (0 n o B co
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214 Chapter 5: Myeloma B cq d ? o c
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216 Chapter 5: Myeloma patients wit
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218 Chapter 5: Myeloma PBSC transpl
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220 Chapter 5: Myeloma 25. Seiden M
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Autologous Transplantation in Multi
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224 Chapter 5: Myeloma 0 52 44 U §
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226 Chapter 5: Myeloma BM ^ (CD34±
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228 Chapter 5: Myeloma IFM 94 : OS
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230 Chapter 5: Myeloma two groups a
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232 Chapter 5: Myeloma increase bot
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234 Chapter 5: Myeloma REFERENCES 1
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236 Chapter 5: Myeloma Intensified
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238 Chapter 5: Myeloma of CD34 + ce
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Chapter 5: Myeloma Table 2. Descrip
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242 Chapter 5: Myeloma o 8H 0 2 4 6
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244 Chapter 5: Myeloma ated with sh
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The Presence of Micrometastases in
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Kvalheim et al. 249 Table 1. Immuno
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Kvalheim et al. 251 Figure 1. Sixty
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Kvalheim et al. 253 DISCUSSION In t
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Kvalheim et al. 255 Bastert G: Micr
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Hood et al. 257 In an effort to inc
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#CD34 + cells in blood = Hood et al
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Hood et al. 261 Table 3. Frequency
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Hood et al. 263 REFERENCES 1. Rill
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The Clinical Significance of Breast
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Moss et al. tests, and bilateral po
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Moss et al. 269 0 15 70 143 200 400
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Moss et al. 271 0 3 6 12 18 24 30 3
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Moss et al. 273 8. Passos-Coelho J,
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Autotransplantation for Men With Br
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McCarthy et al. 277 radiation, two
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High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy W
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Viens et al. 281 3 g/m 2 and doxoru
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Table 1. Tumor characteristics Exte
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Table 4. Response Viens et al. 285
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Viens et al. 287 Table 5. Pathologi
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Viens et al. 289 apy for inoperable
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Gliick et al. 291 INTRODUCTION The
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Gluck et al. 293 RESULTS Patient de
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Glück et al. 295 Table 3. Response
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Gluck et al. 297 Overall Survival O
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Gluck et al. 299 Sudbury patients w
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Gluck et al. 301 anthracycline or t
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Repetitive High-Dose Therapy With P
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Prince et al. paramagnetic separati
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Prince et al. Table 1. High-dose re
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Table 2. Patient characteristics (n
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Table 4. Hematopoietic recovery fol
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1.0- M C .S 0.8- a c *fe o o> 0.6-
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M 1.0 I 0.8H s? VI o.6H S 0.2 0.0 P
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a Prince et al. days to platelets >
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Table 5. Results of Isolex 300i CD3
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Prince et al. 321 Figure 5, continu
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Prince et al. 323 months after tran
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Prince et al. 325 excessive to be u
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Prince et al. 327 eight patients ha
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Prince et al. 329 marrow transplant
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Prince et al. intensive chemotherap
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-Q CO .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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.Q CD .Q O 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
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oba Q. 1.0 0.9 Dicke et al. Stage I
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Vahdat with peripheral blood progen
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Evaluation of Prognostic Factors fo
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Fields et al. 343 PATIENTS AND METH
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Table 1. Chemotherapy regimens. Fie
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Fields et al. Stage II; 4-9 Pos LN
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U U Fields et al.
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Fields et al. 351 between 1 and 2 y
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European Trends and the EBMT Databa
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25% % 22% / 17% \ Rosti et al. 355
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Rosti et al. 357 The new Italian St
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Rosti et al. 6. Haas R, Schmid H, H
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Bewick et al. 363 INTRODUCTION The
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Bewick et al. 365 Blood samples obt
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Bewick et al. 367 HDCT with ABSC su
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Bewick et al. Progression Free Surv
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Bewick et al. pression in MBC, i.e.
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Bewick et al. 14. Kandl HL, Seymour
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CHAPTER 7 OTHER SOLID TUMORS
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378 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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380 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prepara
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382 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Surviva
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384 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors months
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386 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors have be
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High-Dose Chemotherapy in the Manag
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390 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors followe
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392 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table 1
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394 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors (mucosi
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Three-Fold Intensification by Seque
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High-Dose Therapy for Small Cell Lu
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404 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors chemoth
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406 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors SCLC ha
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408 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors relapse
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410 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 69:585-
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412 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors ogous b
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414 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 64. Bru
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416 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Prignot
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418 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors CO > CO
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420 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors TANDEM
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Multiple Courses of Cyclophosphamid
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424 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors and the
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426 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Thiotep
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430 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors E 100 0
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432 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors course
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434 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors boplati
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436 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors INTRODU
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438 - Chapter 7: Solid Tumors Table
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440 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors seeded
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442 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors DISCUSS
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444 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors 10. Di
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446 Chapter 7: Solid Tumors plasma
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Autologous Stem Cell Transplantatio
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Keystone 451 hypertension, anemia,
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Fassas et al. 453 INTRODUCTION Mult
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Fassas et al. Table 2. Stem cell mo
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Table 3. Toxicity after stem cell i
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Fassas et al. Table 5. Trial 1: cha
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Fassas et al. MS PROGRESSION FREE S
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Fassas et al. ic or autologous bone
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1 2 1 6 EAE. Burt et al. 465 Becaus
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Burt et al. Since cyclophosphamide
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Burt et al. 469 toxicity study, we
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Burt et dl. All 23. Mor F, Cohen IR
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall an ev
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Hasler, Gratwohl, and Tyndall 475 B
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Kuis, Wulffraat, and Sanders 477 st
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Page 515: CHAPTER 9 LONG-TERM EFFECTS
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Page 528 and 529: 494 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects AB
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Page 536 and 537: 502 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects RE
Page 538 and 539: 504 Chapter 9: Long-Term Effects A,
Page 540 and 541: Long-Term Follow-Up of Autologous T
Page 545: CHAPTER 10 GRAFT MANIPULATION
Page 548 and 549: 514 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
Page 606 and 607: Stem Cell Reinfusion Over Two Conse
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Final Report of the First Prospecti
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582 Chapter 10: Graft Manipulation
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Canine Hematopoietic Stem Allograft
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Sandmaier et al. 603 The resultant
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Sandmaier et al. 605 synthesis path
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Sandmaier et al. 607 interactions o
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Sandmaier et al. 1991. 2. Burchenal
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87:3508-3513,1996. Sandmaier et al.
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin Table
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Giralt, Khouri, and Champlin seven
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1.0 3 0.2 Giralt, Khouri, and Champ
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CHAPTER 12 GENE THERAPY
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622 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy INTROD
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624 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy RESULT
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626 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy envisi
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628 Chapter 12: Gene Therapy cer in
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A Vaccine of Melanoma Peptide Loade
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B43(anti-CD 19)-Gen i stein Immunot
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Targeting Immunotherapy for the Tre
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McGuinness andArceci 637 modified m
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McGuinness andArceci 639 leukemic c
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McGuinness and Arced 641 in G418. T
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McGuinness andArceci 643 Figure 2
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mRNA for hB7-1 (1491 bp) mRNA for C
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McGuinness and Arced CD80PE C080PE
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McGuinness andArceci 649 8. Robert
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McGuinness andArceci immune respons
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McGuinness andArceci 75. Jubinsky F
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Slavin et al. 655 up suggests, as p
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Slavin et al. 657 was a phase lib c
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Slavin et al. presented, appears to
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Antitumor Immunotherapy in Autologo
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Klingemann et al. 663 Table 3. Meth
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CHAPTER 14 RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY
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668 Chapter 14: Radioimmunotherapy
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Selection of Radioisotopes, Chelate
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Radioimmunotherapy of Common Epithe
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CHAPTER 15 NEW AVENUES
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698 Chapter 15: New Avenues Table 1
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700 Chapter 15: New Avenues An alte
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702 Chapter 15: New Avenues who can
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704 Chapter 15: New Avenues myeloid
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706 Chapter 15: New Avenues 48. Gir
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Emerging Viral Infections in Blood
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710 Chapter 15: New Avenues influen
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712 Chapter 15: New Avenues Among a
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714 Chapter 15: New Avenues physica
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716 Chapter 15: New Avenues respira
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Minimal Therapy Models of Transplan
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CHAPTER 16 SUMMARIES
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724 Chapter 16: Summaries although
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726 Chapter 16: Summaries use of po
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728 Chapter 16: Summaries Table 1.
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736 Chapter 16: Summaries IL-15. Th
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738 Chapter 16: Summaries Patterns
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740 List of Participants Thomas L.
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742 List of Participants Sergio A.
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744 List of Participants Hans Marti
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746 List of Participants David P. S
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748 List of Participants AUTHOR IND
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750 Author Index Hurd, D.D. 483 Kui
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752 Author Index Stiff, Patrick J.
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754 Key Word Index Hematologic mali
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ISBN 1-891524-04-6
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